[image-guide] Publish RST Vitual Machine Image Guide
Change-Id: I694301758f7f85290d4c9f9b01fbd1924b02b476 Implements: blueprint image-guide-rst
This commit is contained in:
KATO Tomoyuki
Andreas Jaeger
parent
b93354e5ba
commit
79aa72b0cb
@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ Operations Guide
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* Shared File Systems chapter added.
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Virtual Machine Image Guide
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---------------------------
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* RST conversion finished.
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Translations
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------------
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@ -1,20 +1,15 @@
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# directories to be set up
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declare -A DIRECTORIES=(
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["fr"]="common glossary image-guide"
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["ja"]="common glossary image-guide"
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["zh_CN"]="common glossary arch-design image-guide"
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["zh_CN"]="common glossary arch-design"
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)
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# books to be built
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declare -A BOOKS=(
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["fr"]="image-guide"
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["ja"]="image-guide user-guide user-guide-admin install-guide networking-guide"
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["zh_CN"]="arch-design image-guide"
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["ja"]="user-guide user-guide-admin install-guide networking-guide"
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)
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# draft books
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declare -A DRAFTS=(
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["fr"]="image-guide"
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["ja"]="install-guide networking-guide"
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)
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@ -30,6 +25,7 @@ DOC_DIR="doc/"
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# project-config/jenkins/scripts/common_translation_update.sh
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declare -A SPECIAL_BOOKS=(
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["admin-guide-cloud"]="RST"
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["image-guide"]="RST"
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["install-guide"]="RST"
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["networking-guide"]="RST"
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["user-guide"]="RST"
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@ -38,7 +34,6 @@ declare -A SPECIAL_BOOKS=(
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["contributor-guide"]="skip"
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["arch-design-rst"]="skip"
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["config-ref-rst"]="skip"
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["image-guide-rst"]="skip"
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# This needs special handling, handle it with the RST tools.
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["common-rst"]="RST"
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)
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@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<book xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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version="5.0"
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xml:id="openstack-image-manual">
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<title>OpenStack Virtual Machine Image Guide</title>
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<?rax title.font.size="28px" subtitle.font.size="28px"?>
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<titleabbrev>VM Image Guide</titleabbrev>
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<info>
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<author>
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<personname>
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<firstname/>
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<surname/>
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</personname>
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<affiliation>
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<orgname>OpenStack Foundation</orgname>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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<copyright>
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<year>2013</year>
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<year>2014</year>
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<year>2015</year>
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<holder>OpenStack Foundation</holder>
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</copyright>
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<releaseinfo>current</releaseinfo>
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<productname>OpenStack</productname>
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<pubdate/>
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<legalnotice role="cc-by">
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<annotation>
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<remark>Remaining licensing details are filled in by
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the template.</remark>
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</annotation>
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</legalnotice>
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<abstract>
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<para>This guide describes how to obtain, create, and
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modify virtual machine images that are compatible with
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OpenStack.</para>
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</abstract>
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</info>
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<!-- Chapters are referred from the book file through these include statements. You can add additional chapters using these types of statements. -->
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<xi:include href="../common/ch_preface.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_introduction.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_obtaining_images.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_openstack_images.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_modifying_images.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_creating_images_manually.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_creating_images_automatically.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ch_converting.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="../common/app_support.xml"/>
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</book>
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@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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version="5.0"
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xml:id="ch_converting">
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<title>Converting between image formats</title>
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<para>Converting images from one format to another is generally straightforward.</para>
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<simplesect>
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<title>qemu-img convert: raw, qcow2, qed, vdi, vmdk, vhd</title>
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<para>The <command>qemu-img convert</command> command can do conversion between multiple
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formats, including qcow2, qed, raw, vdi, vhd, and vmdk.</para>
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<table
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rules="all">
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<caption>qemu-img format strings</caption>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Image format</th>
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<th>Argument to qemu-img</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>QCOW2 (KVM, Xen)</td>
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<td><literal>qcow2</literal></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>QED (KVM)</td>
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<td><literal>qed</literal></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>raw</td>
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<td><literal>raw</literal></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>VDI (VirtualBox)</td>
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<td><literal>vdi</literal></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>VHD (Hyper-V)</td>
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<td><literal>vpc</literal></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>VMDK (VMware)</td>
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<td><literal>vmdk</literal></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<para>This example will convert a raw image file named <filename>centos7.img</filename> to a qcow2 image file.</para>
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<para>
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<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 centos7.img centos7.qcow2</userinput></screen>
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</para>
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<para>Run the following command to convert a vmdk image file to a raw image file.
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<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img convert -f vmdk -O raw centos7.vmdk centos7.img</userinput></screen>
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</para>
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<para>Run the following command to convert a vmdk image file to a qcow2 image file.
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<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img convert -f vmdk -O qcow2 centos7.vmdk centos7.qcow2</userinput></screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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<note>
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<para>The <literal>-f <replaceable>format</replaceable></literal> flag is optional.
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If omitted, <command>qemu-img</command> will try to infer the image format.</para>
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<para>When converting an image file with Windows OS, ensure the virtio driver is
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installed. Otherwise, you will get a blue screen of death or BSOD when
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launching the image due to lack of the virtio driver. Another option is to
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set the image properties as below when you update the image in glance to
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avoid this issue, but it will reduce performance significantly.</para>
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<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>glance image-update --property hw_disk_bus='ide' image_id</userinput></screen>
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</note>
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</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>VBoxManage: VDI (VirtualBox) to raw</title>
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<para>If you've created a VDI image using VirtualBox, you can convert it to raw format using
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the <command>VBoxManage</command> command-line tool that ships with VirtualBox. On Mac
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OS X, and Linux, VirtualBox stores images by default in the <filename>~/VirtualBox VMs/</filename>
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directory. The following example creates a raw image in the current directory from a
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VirtualBox VDI image.</para>
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<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>VBoxManage clonehd ~/VirtualBox\ VMs/fedora21.vdi fedora21.img --format raw</userinput></screen>
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</simplesect>
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</chapter>
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@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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version="5.0"
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xml:id="ch_creating_images_automatically">
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<title>Tool support for image creation</title>
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<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
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<para>There are several tools that are designed to automate image
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creation.</para>
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<section xml:id="Diskimage-builder">
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<title>Diskimage-builder</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/developer/diskimage-builder/"
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>Diskimage-builder</link> is an automated disk image creation
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tool that supports a variety of distributions and architectures.
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Diskimage-builder (DIB) can build images for Fedora,
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, and openSUSE.
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DIB is organized in a series of elements that build on top of
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each other to create specific images.</para>
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<para>To build an image, call the following script:</para>
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<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>disk-image-create ubuntu vm</userinput></screen>
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<para>This example creates a generic, bootable Ubuntu image of the latest
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release.</para>
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<para>Further customization could be accomplished by setting
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environment variables or adding elements to the command-line:</para>
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<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>disk-image-create -a armhf ubuntu vm</userinput></screen>
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<para>This example creates the image as before, but for arm architecture.
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More elements are available in the
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<link xlink:href="https://github.com/openstack/diskimage-builder/tree/master/elements"
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>git source directory</link> and documented in the <link
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xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/developer/diskimage-builder/elements.html"
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>diskimage-builder elements documentation</link>.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="oz">
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<title>Oz</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="https://github.com/clalancette/oz/wiki"
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>Oz</link> is a command-line tool that automates the process of
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creating a virtual machine image file. Oz is a Python app that
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interacts with KVM to step through the process of installing a
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virtual machine. It uses a predefined set of kickstart (Red
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Hat-based systems) and preseed files (Debian-based systems) for
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operating systems that it supports, and it can also be used to
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create Microsoft Windows images. On Fedora, install Oz with yum:</para>
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<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install oz</userinput></screen>
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<note><para>As of this writing, there are no Oz packages for Ubuntu,
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so you will need to either install from the source or build your
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own .deb file.</para>
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</note>
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<para>A full treatment of Oz is beyond the scope of this document, but
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we will provide an example. You can find additional examples of Oz
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template files on GitHub at <link
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xlink:href="https://github.com/rackerjoe/oz-image-build/tree/master/templates"
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>rackerjoe/oz-image-build/templates</link>. Here's how you would
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create a CentOS 6.4 image with Oz.</para>
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<para>Create a template file (we'll call it
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<filename>centos64.tdl</filename>) with the following contents.
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The only entry you will need to change is the
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<literal><rootpw></literal>
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contents.</para>
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<programlisting language="xml"><template>
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<name>centos64</name>
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<os>
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<name>CentOS-6</name>
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<version>4</version>
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<arch>x86_64</arch>
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<install type='iso'>
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<iso>http://mirror.rackspace.com/CentOS/6/isos/x86_64/CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso</iso>
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</install>
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<rootpw>CHANGE THIS TO YOUR ROOT PASSWORD</rootpw>
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</os>
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<description>CentOS 6.4 x86_64</description>
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<repositories>
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<repository name='epel-6'>
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<url>http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch</url>
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<signed>no</signed>
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</repository>
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</repositories>
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<packages>
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<package name='epel-release'/>
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<package name='cloud-utils'/>
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<package name='cloud-init'/>
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</packages>
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<commands>
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<command name='update'>
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yum -y update
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yum clean all
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sed -i '/^HWADDR/d' /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
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echo -n > /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
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echo -n > /lib/udev/rules.d/75-persistent-net-generator.rules
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</command>
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</commands>
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</template></programlisting>
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<para>This Oz template specifies where to download the Centos 6.4
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install ISO. Oz will use the version information to identify which
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kickstart file to use. In this case, it will be <link
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xlink:href="https://github.com/clalancette/oz/blob/master/oz/auto/RHEL6.auto"
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>RHEL6.auto</link>. It adds EPEL as a repository and install the
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<literal>epel-release</literal>, <literal>cloud-utils</literal>,
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and <literal>cloud-init</literal> packages, as specified in the
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<literal>packages</literal> section of the file.</para>
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<para>After Oz completes the initial OS install using the kickstart file,
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it customizes the image with an update. It also removes any reference to the eth0
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device that libvirt creates while Oz does the customizing, as
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specified in the <literal>command</literal> section of the XML
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file.</para>
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<para>To run this:</para>
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<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>oz-install -d3 -u centos64.tdl -x centos64-libvirt.xml</userinput></screen>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The <literal>-d3</literal> flag tells Oz to show
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status information as it runs.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The <literal>-u</literal> tells Oz to do the
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customization (install extra packages, run the commands)
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once it does the initial install.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The <literal>-x <filename></literal> flag tells Oz
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what filename to use to write out a libvirt XML file
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(otherwise it will default to something like
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<filename>centos64Apr_03_2013-12:39:42</filename>).</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>If you leave out the <literal>-u</literal> flag, or
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you want to edit the file to do additional customizations, you can
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use the <command>oz-customize</command> command, using the libvirt
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XML file that <command>oz-install</command> creates. For example:</para>
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<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>oz-customize -d3 centos64.tdl centos64-libvirt.xml</userinput></screen>
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<para>Oz will invoke libvirt to boot the image inside of KVM, then Oz will
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ssh into the instance and perform the customizations.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="vmbuilder">
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<title>VMBuilder</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/vmbuilder"
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>VMBuilder</link> (Virtual Machine Builder) is a
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command-line tool that creates virtual machine images for
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different hypervisors. The version of VMBuilder that ships
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with Ubuntu can only create Ubuntu virtual machine guests.
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The version of VMBuilder that ships with Debian can create
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Ubuntu and Debian virtual machine guests.</para>
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<para>The <link
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xlink:href="https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/jeos-and-vmbuilder.html"
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><citetitle>Ubuntu Server Guide</citetitle></link>
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has documentation on how to use VMBuilder to create an
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Ubuntu image.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="veewee">
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<title>VeeWee</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="https://github.com/jedi4ever/veewee">
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VeeWee</link> is often used to build <link
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xlink:href="http://vagrantup.com">Vagrant</link>
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boxes, but it can also be used to build KVM images.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="packer">
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<title>Packer</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="https://packer.io">
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Packer</link> is a tool for creating machine images for multiple platforms
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from a single source configuration.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="imagefactory">
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<title>imagefactory</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="http://imgfac.org/"
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>imagefactory</link> is a newer tool designed to
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automate the building, converting, and uploading images to
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different cloud providers. It uses Oz as its back-end and
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includes support for OpenStack-based clouds.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="susestudio">
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<title>SUSE Studio</title>
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<para><link xlink:href="http://susestudio.com">SUSE
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Studio</link> is a web application for building and
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testing software applications in a web browser. It
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supports the creation of physical, virtual or cloud-based
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applications and includes support for building images for
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OpenStack based clouds using SUSE Linux Enterprise and
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openSUSE as distributions.</para>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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@ -1,185 +0,0 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE chapter [
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<!ENTITY % openstack SYSTEM "../common/entities/openstack.ent">
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%openstack;
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]>
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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version="5.0"
|
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xml:id="ch_creating_images_manually">
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<title>Create images manually</title>
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<para>Creating a new image is a step done outside of your
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OpenStack installation. You create the new image manually on
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your own system and then upload the image to your
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cloud.</para>
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<para>To create a new image, you will need the installation CD or
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DVD ISO file for the guest operating system. You'll also need
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access to a virtualization tool. You can use KVM for this. Or,
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if you have a GUI desktop virtualization tool (such as, VMware
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Fusion or VirtualBox), you can use that instead and just
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convert the file to raw once you are done.</para>
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<para>When you create a new virtual machine image, you will need
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to connect to the graphical console of the hypervisor, which
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acts as the virtual machine's display and allows you to
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||||
interact with the guest operating system's installer using
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your keyboard and mouse. KVM can expose the graphical console
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using the <link
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||||
xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing"
|
||||
>VNC</link> (Virtual Network Computing) protocol or the
|
||||
newer <link xlink:href="http://spice-space.org">SPICE</link>
|
||||
protocol. We'll use the VNC protocol here, since you're more
|
||||
likely to be able to find a VNC client that works on your
|
||||
local desktop.</para>
|
||||
<section xml:id="net-running">
|
||||
<title>Verify the libvirt default network is running</title>
|
||||
<para>Before starting a virtual machine with libvirt, verify
|
||||
that the libvirt "default" network has been started. This
|
||||
network must be active for your virtual machine to be able
|
||||
to connect out to the network. Starting this network will
|
||||
create a Linux bridge (usually called
|
||||
<literal>virbr0</literal>), iptables rules, and a
|
||||
dnsmasq process that will serve as a DHCP server.</para>
|
||||
<para>To verify that the libvirt "default" network is enabled,
|
||||
use the <command>virsh net-list</command> command and
|
||||
verify that the "default" network is active:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh net-list</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>Name State Autostart
|
||||
-----------------------------------------
|
||||
default active yes</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>If the network is not active, start it by doing:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh net-start default</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="virt-manager">
|
||||
<title>Use the virt-manager X11 GUI</title>
|
||||
<para>If you plan to create a virtual machine image on a
|
||||
machine that can run X11 applications, the simplest way to
|
||||
do so is to use the <command>virt-manager</command> GUI,
|
||||
which is installable as the
|
||||
<literal>virt-manager</literal> package on both
|
||||
Fedora-based and Debian-based systems. This GUI has an
|
||||
embedded VNC client that will let you view and
|
||||
interact with the guest's graphical console.</para>
|
||||
<para>If you are building the image on a headless server, and
|
||||
you have an X server on your local machine, you can launch
|
||||
<command>virt-manager</command> using ssh X11
|
||||
forwarding to access the GUI. Since virt-manager interacts
|
||||
directly with libvirt, you typically need to be root to
|
||||
access it. If you can ssh directly in as root (or with a
|
||||
user that has permissions to interact with libvirt),
|
||||
do:<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ssh -X root@server virt-manager</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If the account you use to ssh into your server does not
|
||||
have permissions to run libvirt, but has sudo privileges, do:<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ssh -X root@server</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>sudo virt-manager</userinput> </screen><note>
|
||||
<para>The <literal>-X</literal> flag passed to ssh
|
||||
will enable X11 forwarding over ssh. If this does
|
||||
not work, try replacing it with the
|
||||
<literal>-Y</literal> flag.</para>
|
||||
</note></para>
|
||||
<para>Click the "New" button at the top-left and step through
|
||||
the instructions. <mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/virt-manager-new.png"
|
||||
format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>You will be shown a series of dialog boxes
|
||||
that will allow you to specify information about the
|
||||
virtual machine.</para>
|
||||
<note><para>
|
||||
When using qcow2 format images you should check the option
|
||||
'customize before install', go to disk properties and
|
||||
explicitly select the qcow2 format. This ensures the virtual
|
||||
machine disk size will be correct.
|
||||
</para></note>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="virt-install">
|
||||
<title>Use virt-install and connect by using a local VNC
|
||||
client</title>
|
||||
<para>If you do not wish to use virt-manager (for example, you
|
||||
do not want to install the dependencies on your server,
|
||||
you don't have an X server running locally, the X11
|
||||
forwarding over SSH isn't working), you can use the
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command> tool to boot the
|
||||
virtual machine through libvirt and connect to the
|
||||
graphical console from a VNC client installed on your
|
||||
local machine.</para>
|
||||
<para>Because VNC is a standard protocol, there are multiple
|
||||
clients available that implement the VNC spec, including
|
||||
<link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/tigervnc/index.php?title=Welcome_to_TigerVNC"
|
||||
>TigerVNC</link> (multiple platforms), <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://tightvnc.com/">TightVNC</link>
|
||||
(multiple platforms), <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://realvnc.com/">RealVNC</link>
|
||||
(multiple platforms), <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/chicken/"
|
||||
>Chicken</link> (Mac OS X), <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://userbase.kde.org/Krdc">Krde</link>
|
||||
(KDE), and <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://projects.gnome.org/vinagre/"
|
||||
>Vinagre</link> (GNOME).</para>
|
||||
<para>The following example shows how to use the
|
||||
<command>qemu-img</command> command to create an empty
|
||||
image file, and <command>virt-install</command> command to
|
||||
start up a virtual machine using that image file. As
|
||||
root:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <command>qemu-img create -f qcow2 /data/centos-6.4.qcow2 10G</command>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-install --virt-type kvm --name centos-6.4 --ram 1024 \
|
||||
--cdrom=/data/CentOS-6.4-x86_64-netinstall.iso \
|
||||
--disk path=/data/centos-6.4.qcow2,size=10,format=qcow2 \
|
||||
--network network=default \
|
||||
--graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 --noautoconsole \
|
||||
--os-type=linux --os-variant=rhel6</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>
|
||||
Starting install...
|
||||
Creating domain... | 0 B 00:00
|
||||
Domain installation still in progress. You can reconnect to
|
||||
the console to complete the installation process.</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
The KVM hypervisor starts the virtual machine with the
|
||||
libvirt name, <literal>centos-6.4</literal>, with
|
||||
1024 MB of RAM. The virtual machine also has a virtual
|
||||
CD-ROM drive associated with the
|
||||
<filename>/data/CentOS-6.4-x86_64-netinstall.iso</filename>
|
||||
file and a local 10 GB hard disk in qcow2 format that is
|
||||
stored in the host at
|
||||
<filename>/data/centos-6.4.qcow2</filename>.
|
||||
It configures networking to
|
||||
use libvirt's default network. There is a VNC server that
|
||||
is listening on all interfaces, and libvirt will not
|
||||
attempt to launch a VNC client automatically nor try to
|
||||
display the text console
|
||||
(<literal>--no-autoconsole</literal>). Finally,
|
||||
libvirt will attempt to optimize the configuration for a
|
||||
Linux guest running a RHEL 6.x distribution.<note>
|
||||
<para>When using the libvirt
|
||||
<literal>default</literal> network, libvirt will
|
||||
connect the virtual machine's interface to a bridge
|
||||
called <literal>virbr0</literal>. There is a dnsmasq
|
||||
process managed by libvirt that will hand out an IP
|
||||
address on the 192.168.122.0/24 subnet, and libvirt
|
||||
has iptables rules for doing NAT for IP addresses on
|
||||
this subnet.</para>
|
||||
</note></para>
|
||||
<para>Run the <command>virt-install --os-variant
|
||||
list</command> command to see a range of allowed
|
||||
<literal>--os-variant</literal> options.</para>
|
||||
<para>Use the <command>virsh vncdisplay
|
||||
<replaceable>vm-name</replaceable></command>
|
||||
command to get the VNC port number.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh vncdisplay centos-6.4</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>:1</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>In the example above, the guest
|
||||
<literal>centos-6.4</literal> uses VNC display
|
||||
<literal>:1</literal>, which corresponds to TCP port
|
||||
<literal>5901</literal>. You should be able to connect
|
||||
a VNC client running on your local machine to display
|
||||
:1 on the remote machine and step through the installation
|
||||
process.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_centos-example.xml"/>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_ubuntu-example.xml"/>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_fedora-example.xml"/>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_windows-example.xml"/>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_freebsd-example.xml"/>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="ch_introduction">
|
||||
<title>Introduction</title>
|
||||
<para>An OpenStack Compute cloud is not very useful unless you have virtual machine images
|
||||
(which some people call "virtual appliances"). This guide describes how to obtain, create,
|
||||
and modify virtual machine images that are compatible with OpenStack.</para>
|
||||
<para>To keep things brief, we'll sometimes use the term "image" instead of "virtual machine
|
||||
image".</para>
|
||||
<para>What is a virtual machine image?</para>
|
||||
<para>A virtual machine image is a single file which contains a virtual disk that has a
|
||||
bootable operating system installed on it.</para>
|
||||
<para>Virtual machine images come in different formats, some of which are described below.</para>
|
||||
<variablelist>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>Raw</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>The "raw" image format is the simplest one, and is
|
||||
natively supported by both KVM and Xen hypervisors. You
|
||||
can think of a raw image as being the bit-equivalent of a
|
||||
block device file, created as if somebody had copied, say,
|
||||
<filename>/dev/sda</filename> to a file using the
|
||||
<command>dd</command> command. <note>
|
||||
<para>We don't recommend creating raw images by dd'ing
|
||||
block device files, we discuss how to create raw
|
||||
images later.</para>
|
||||
</note></para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>qcow2</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>The <link xlink:href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/QEMU/Images">qcow2</link> (QEMU
|
||||
copy-on-write version 2) format is commonly used with the KVM hypervisor. It has some
|
||||
additional features over the raw format, such as:<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Using sparse representation, so the image size is smaller.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Support for snapshots.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
<para>Because qcow2 is sparse, qcow2 images are typically smaller than raw images. Smaller images mean faster uploads, so it's often faster to convert a raw image to qcow2 for uploading instead of uploading the raw file directly.</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Because raw images don't support snapshots, OpenStack Compute will
|
||||
automatically convert raw image files to qcow2 as needed.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>AMI/AKI/ARI</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>The <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AMIs.html"
|
||||
>AMI/AKI/ARI </link>format was the initial image
|
||||
format supported by Amazon EC2. The image consists of
|
||||
three files:<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para>AMI (Amazon Machine Image):</para>
|
||||
<para>This is a virtual machine image in raw
|
||||
format, as described above.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>AKI (Amazon Kernel Image)</para>
|
||||
<para>A kernel file that the hypervisor will
|
||||
load initially to boot the image. For a
|
||||
Linux machine, this would be a
|
||||
<emphasis>vmlinuz</emphasis> file.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>ARI (Amazon Ramdisk Image)</para>
|
||||
<para>An optional ramdisk file mounted at boot
|
||||
time. For a Linux machine, this would be
|
||||
an <emphasis>initrd</emphasis>
|
||||
file.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>UEC tarball</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>A UEC (Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud) tarball is a gzipped tarfile that contains an AMI
|
||||
file, AKI file, and ARI file.<note>
|
||||
<para>Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud refers to a discontinued Eucalyptus-based Ubuntu cloud
|
||||
solution that has been replaced by the OpenStack-based Ubuntu Cloud
|
||||
Infrastructure.</para>
|
||||
</note></para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>VMDK</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>VMware's ESXi hypervisor uses the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.vmware.com/technical-resources/interfaces/vmdk.html"
|
||||
>VMDK</link> (Virtual Machine Disk) format for images.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>VDI</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>VirtualBox uses the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="https://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?t=8046">VDI</link> (Virtual
|
||||
Disk Image) format for image files. None of the OpenStack Compute hypervisors support
|
||||
VDI directly, so you will need to convert these files to a different format to use them
|
||||
with OpenStack.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>VHD</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Microsoft Hyper-V uses the VHD (Virtual Hard Disk) format for images.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>VHDX</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>The version of Hyper-V that ships with Microsoft Server 2012 uses the newer <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831446.aspx">VHDX</link>
|
||||
format, which has some additional features over VHD such as support for larger disk
|
||||
sizes and protection against data corruption during power failures.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>OVF</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link xlink:href="http://dmtf.org/sites/default/files/OVF_Overview_Document_2010.pdf"
|
||||
>OVF</link> (Open Virtualization Format) is a packaging format for virtual
|
||||
machines, defined by the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) standards
|
||||
group. An OVF package contains one or more image files, a .ovf XML metadata file
|
||||
that contains information about the virtual machine, and possibly other files as
|
||||
well.</para>
|
||||
<para>An OVF package can be distributed in different ways. For example, it could be
|
||||
distributed as a set of discrete files, or as a tar archive file with an .ova (open
|
||||
virtual appliance/application) extension.</para>
|
||||
<para>OpenStack Compute does not currently have support for OVF packages, so you will need
|
||||
to extract the image file(s) from an OVF package if you wish to use it with
|
||||
OpenStack.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
<varlistentry>
|
||||
<term>ISO</term>
|
||||
<listitem><para>The <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-119.htm"
|
||||
>ISO</link> format is a disk image formatted with the read-only ISO 9660 (also known
|
||||
as ECMA-119) filesystem commonly used for CDs and DVDs. While we don't normally think of
|
||||
ISO as a virtual machine image format, since ISOs contain bootable filesystems with an
|
||||
installed operating system, you can treat them the same as you treat other virtual machine
|
||||
image files.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry></variablelist>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_glance_image-formats.xml"/>
|
||||
<xi:include href="section_glance-image-metadata.xml"/>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
@ -1,394 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE chapter [
|
||||
<!ENTITY % openstack SYSTEM "../common/entities/openstack.ent">
|
||||
%openstack;
|
||||
]>
|
||||
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="ch_modifying_images">
|
||||
<title>Modify images</title>
|
||||
<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
|
||||
<para>Once you have obtained a virtual machine image, you may want
|
||||
to make some changes to it before uploading it to the
|
||||
OpenStack Image service. Here we describe several tools
|
||||
available that allow you to modify images.<warning>
|
||||
<para>Do not attempt to use these tools to modify an image
|
||||
that is attached to a running virtual machine. These
|
||||
tools are designed to only modify images that are not
|
||||
currently running.</para>
|
||||
</warning></para>
|
||||
<section xml:id="guestfish">
|
||||
<title>guestfish</title>
|
||||
<para>The <command>guestfish</command> program is a tool from
|
||||
the <link xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/"
|
||||
>libguestfs</link> project that allows you to modify
|
||||
the files inside of a virtual machine image.</para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para><command>guestfish</command> does not mount the
|
||||
image directly into the local file system. Instead, it
|
||||
provides you with a shell interface that enables you
|
||||
to view, edit, and delete files. Many of
|
||||
<command>guestfish</command> commands, such as
|
||||
<command>touch</command>,
|
||||
<command>chmod</command>, and <command>rm</command>,
|
||||
resemble traditional bash commands.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Example guestfish session</title>
|
||||
<para>Sometimes, you must modify a virtual machine image
|
||||
to remove any traces of the MAC address that was
|
||||
assigned to the virtual network interface card when
|
||||
the image was first created, because the MAC address
|
||||
will be different when it boots the next time. This
|
||||
example shows how to use guestfish to remove
|
||||
references to the old MAC address by deleting the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</filename>
|
||||
file and removing the <literal>HWADDR</literal> line
|
||||
from the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</filename>
|
||||
file.</para>
|
||||
<para>Assume that you have a CentOS qcow2 image called
|
||||
<filename>centos63_desktop.img</filename>. Mount
|
||||
the image in read-write mode as root, as
|
||||
follows:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>guestfish --rw -a centos63_desktop.img</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>
|
||||
Welcome to guestfish, the libguestfs filesystem interactive shell for
|
||||
editing virtual machine filesystems.
|
||||
|
||||
Type: 'help' for help on commands
|
||||
'man' to read the manual
|
||||
'quit' to quit the shell
|
||||
|
||||
><fs></computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>This starts a guestfish session. Note that the
|
||||
guestfish prompt looks like a fish: <literal>>
|
||||
<fs></literal>.</para>
|
||||
<para>We must first use the <command>run</command> command
|
||||
at the guestfish prompt before we can do anything
|
||||
else. This will launch a virtual machine, which will
|
||||
be used to perform all of the file
|
||||
manipulations.<screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>run</userinput></screen>
|
||||
We can now view the file systems in the image using the
|
||||
<command>list-filesystems</command>
|
||||
command:<screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>list-filesystems</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>/dev/vda1: ext4
|
||||
/dev/vg_centosbase/lv_root: ext4
|
||||
/dev/vg_centosbase/lv_swap: swap</computeroutput></screen>We
|
||||
need to mount the logical volume that contains the
|
||||
root partition:
|
||||
<screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/vg_centosbase/lv_root /</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>Next, we want to delete a file. We can use the
|
||||
<command>rm</command> guestfish command, which
|
||||
works the same way it does in a traditional
|
||||
shell.</para>
|
||||
<para><screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>rm /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</userinput></screen>We
|
||||
want to edit the <filename>ifcfg-eth0</filename> file
|
||||
to remove the <literal>HWADDR</literal> line. The
|
||||
<command>edit</command> command will copy the file
|
||||
to the host, invoke your editor, and then copy the
|
||||
file back.
|
||||
<screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>edit /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If you want to modify this image to load the 8021q
|
||||
kernel at boot time, you must create an executable
|
||||
script in the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules/</filename>
|
||||
directory. You can use the <command>touch</command>
|
||||
guestfish command to create an empty file, the
|
||||
<command>edit</command> command to edit it, and
|
||||
the <command>chmod</command> command to make it
|
||||
executable.<screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>touch /etc/sysconfig/modules/8021q.modules</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>edit /etc/sysconfig/modules/8021q.modules</userinput></screen>
|
||||
We add the following line to the file and save
|
||||
it:<programlisting>modprobe 8021q</programlisting>Then
|
||||
we set to executable:
|
||||
<screen>><fs> <userinput>chmod 0755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/8021q.modules</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>We're done, so we can exit using the
|
||||
<command>exit</command>
|
||||
command:<screen><prompt>><fs></prompt> <userinput>exit</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Go further with guestfish</title>
|
||||
<para>There is an enormous amount of functionality in
|
||||
guestfish and a full treatment is beyond the scope of
|
||||
this document. Instead, we recommend that you read the
|
||||
<link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/guestfs-recipes.1.html"
|
||||
>guestfs-recipes</link> documentation page for a
|
||||
sense of what is possible with these tools.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="guestmount">
|
||||
<title>guestmount</title>
|
||||
<para>For some types of changes, you may find it easier to
|
||||
mount the image's file system directly in the guest. The
|
||||
<command>guestmount</command> program, also from the
|
||||
libguestfs project, allows you to do so.</para>
|
||||
<para>For example, to mount the root partition from our
|
||||
<filename>centos63_desktop.qcow2</filename> image to
|
||||
<filename>/mnt</filename>, we can do:</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>guestmount -a centos63_desktop.qcow2 -m /dev/vg_centosbase/lv_root --rw /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<para>If we didn't know in advance what the mount point is in
|
||||
the guest, we could use the <literal>-i</literal>(inspect)
|
||||
flag to tell guestmount to automatically determine what
|
||||
mount point to
|
||||
use:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>guestmount -a centos63_desktop.qcow2 -i --rw /mnt</userinput></screen>Once
|
||||
mounted, we could do things like list the installed
|
||||
packages using
|
||||
rpm:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>rpm -qa --dbpath /mnt/var/lib/rpm</userinput></screen>
|
||||
Once done, we
|
||||
unmount:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="virt-tools">
|
||||
<title>virt-* tools</title>
|
||||
<para>The <link xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/"
|
||||
>libguestfs</link> project has a number of other
|
||||
useful tools, including:<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-edit.1.html"
|
||||
>virt-edit</link> for editing a file
|
||||
inside of an image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-df.1.html"
|
||||
>virt-df</link> for displaying free space
|
||||
inside of an image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-resize.1.html"
|
||||
>virt-resize</link> for resizing an
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-sysprep.1.html"
|
||||
>virt-sysprep</link> for preparing an
|
||||
image for distribution (for example, delete
|
||||
SSH host keys, remove MAC address info, or
|
||||
remove user accounts).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-sparsify.1.html"
|
||||
>virt-sparsify</link> for making an image
|
||||
sparse.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-v2v/"
|
||||
>virt-p2v</link> for converting a physical
|
||||
machine to an image that runs on KVM.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://libguestfs.org/virt-v2v/"
|
||||
>virt-v2v</link> for converting Xen and
|
||||
VMware images to KVM images.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Modify a single file inside of an image</title>
|
||||
<para>This example shows how to use
|
||||
<command>virt-edit</command> to modify a file. The
|
||||
command can take either a filename as an argument with
|
||||
the <literal>-a</literal> flag, or a domain name as an
|
||||
argument with the <literal>-d</literal> flag. The
|
||||
following examples shows how to use this to modify the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file in instance
|
||||
with libvirt domain name
|
||||
<literal>instance-000000e1</literal> that is
|
||||
currently running:</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh shutdown instance-000000e1</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-edit -d instance-000000e1 /etc/shadow</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh start instance-000000e1</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Resize an image</title>
|
||||
<para>Here is an example of how to use
|
||||
<command>virt-resize</command> to resize an image.
|
||||
Assume we have a 16 GB Windows image in qcow2 format
|
||||
that we want to resize to 50 GB. First, we use
|
||||
<command>virt-filesystems</command> to identify
|
||||
the
|
||||
partitions:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-filesystems --long --parts --blkdevs -h -a /data/images/win2012.qcow2</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>Name Type MBR Size Parent
|
||||
/dev/sda1 partition 07 350M /dev/sda
|
||||
/dev/sda2 partition 07 16G /dev/sda
|
||||
/dev/sda device - 16G -
|
||||
</computeroutput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>In this case, it's the
|
||||
<filename>/dev/sda2</filename> partition that we
|
||||
want to resize. We create a new qcow2 image and use
|
||||
the <command>virt-resize</command> command to write a
|
||||
resized copy of the original into the new
|
||||
image:
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 /data/images/win2012-50gb.qcow2 50G</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-resize --expand /dev/sda2 /data/images/win2012.qcow2 \
|
||||
/data/images/win2012-50gb.qcow2</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>Examining /data/images/win2012.qcow2 ...
|
||||
**********
|
||||
|
||||
Summary of changes:
|
||||
|
||||
/dev/sda1: This partition will be left alone.
|
||||
|
||||
/dev/sda2: This partition will be resized from 15.7G to 49.7G. The
|
||||
filesystem ntfs on /dev/sda2 will be expanded using the
|
||||
'ntfsresize' method.
|
||||
|
||||
**********
|
||||
Setting up initial partition table on /data/images/win2012-50gb.qcow2 ...
|
||||
Copying /dev/sda1 ...
|
||||
100% ⟦▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓⟧ 00:00
|
||||
Copying /dev/sda2 ...
|
||||
100% ⟦▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓⟧ 00:00
|
||||
Expanding /dev/sda2 using the 'ntfsresize' method ...
|
||||
|
||||
Resize operation completed with no errors. Before deleting the old
|
||||
disk, carefully check that the resized disk boots and works correctly.
|
||||
</computeroutput></screen></para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="losetup-kpartx-nbd">
|
||||
<title>Loop devices, kpartx, network block devices</title>
|
||||
<para>If you don't have access to libguestfs, you can mount
|
||||
image file systems directly in the host using loop
|
||||
devices, kpartx, and network block devices.<warning>
|
||||
<para>Mounting untrusted guest images using the tools
|
||||
described in this section is a security risk,
|
||||
always use libguestfs tools such as guestfish and
|
||||
guestmount if you have access to them. See <link
|
||||
xlink:href="https://www.berrange.com/posts/2013/02/20/a-reminder-why-you-should-never-mount-guest-disk-images-on-the-host-os/"
|
||||
>A reminder why you should never mount guest
|
||||
disk images on the host OS</link> by Daniel
|
||||
Berrangé for more details.</para>
|
||||
</warning></para>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Mount a raw image (without LVM)</title>
|
||||
<para>If you have a raw virtual machine image that is not
|
||||
using LVM to manage its partitions, use the
|
||||
<command>losetup</command> command to find an
|
||||
unused loop device.
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>losetup -f</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>/dev/loop0</computeroutput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>In this example, <filename>/dev/loop0</filename> is
|
||||
free. Associate a loop device with the raw
|
||||
image:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>losetup /dev/loop0 fedora17.img</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If the image only has a single partition, you can
|
||||
mount the loop device
|
||||
directly:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/loop0 /mnt</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If the image has multiple partitions, use
|
||||
<command>kpartx</command> to expose the partitions
|
||||
as separate devices (for example,
|
||||
<filename>/dev/mapper/loop0p1</filename>), then
|
||||
mount the partition that corresponds to the root file
|
||||
system:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>kpartx -av /dev/loop0</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If the image has, say three partitions (/boot, /,
|
||||
swap), there should be one new device created per
|
||||
partition:<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ls -l /dev/mapper/loop0p*</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 49 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/mapper/loop0p1
|
||||
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 50 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/mapper/loop0p2
|
||||
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 51 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/mapper/loop0p3</computeroutput></screen>To
|
||||
mount the second partition, as
|
||||
root:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mkdir /mnt/image</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt</userinput></screen>Once
|
||||
you're done, to clean
|
||||
up:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>kpartx -d /dev/loop0</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>losetup -d /dev/loop0</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Mount a raw image (with LVM)</title>
|
||||
<para>If your partitions are managed with LVM, use losetup
|
||||
and kpartx as in the previous example to expose the
|
||||
partitions to the host.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>losetup -f</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>/dev/loop0</computeroutput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>losetup /dev/loop0 rhel62.img</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>kpartx -av /dev/loop0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Next, you need to use the <command>vgscan</command>
|
||||
command to identify the LVM volume groups and then
|
||||
<command>vgchange</command> to expose the volumes
|
||||
as devices:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vgscan</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
|
||||
Found volume group "vg_rhel62x8664" using metadata type lvm2</computeroutput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vgchange -ay</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput> 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg_rhel62x8664" now active</computeroutput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/vg_rhel62x8664/lv_root /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Clean up when you're done:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vgchange -an vg_rhel62x8664</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>kpartx -d /dev/loop0</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>losetup -d /dev/loop0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Mount a qcow2 image (without LVM)</title>
|
||||
<para>You need the <literal>nbd</literal> (network block
|
||||
device) kernel module loaded to mount qcow2 images.
|
||||
This will load it with support for 16 block devices,
|
||||
which is fine for our purposes. As
|
||||
root:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>modprobe nbd max_part=16</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>Assuming the first block device
|
||||
(<filename>/dev/nbd0</filename>) is not currently
|
||||
in use, we can expose the disk partitions using the
|
||||
<command>qemu-nbd</command> and
|
||||
<command>partprobe</command> commands. As
|
||||
root:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 image.qcow2</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>partprobe /dev/nbd0</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If the image has, say three partitions (/boot, /,
|
||||
swap), there should be one new device created for
|
||||
each partition:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ls -l /dev/nbd3*</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 48 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/nbd0
|
||||
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 49 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/nbd0p1
|
||||
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 50 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/nbd0p2
|
||||
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 43, 51 2012-03-05 15:32 /dev/nbd0p3</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>If the network block device you selected was
|
||||
already in use, the initial
|
||||
<command>qemu-nbd</command> command will fail
|
||||
silently, and the
|
||||
<filename>/dev/nbd3p{1,2,3}</filename> device
|
||||
files will not be created.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<para>If the image partitions are not managed with LVM,
|
||||
they can be mounted directly:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mkdir /mnt/image</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/nbd3p2 /mnt</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>When you're done, clean up:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Mount a qcow2 image (with LVM)</title>
|
||||
<para>If the image partitions are managed with LVM, after
|
||||
you use <command>qemu-nbd</command> and
|
||||
<command>partprobe</command>, you must use
|
||||
<command>vgscan</command> and <command>vgchange
|
||||
-ay</command> in order to expose the LVM
|
||||
partitions as devices that can be
|
||||
mounted:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>modprobe nbd max_part=16</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 image.qcow2</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>partprobe /dev/nbd0</userinput><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vgscan</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput> Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
|
||||
Found volume group "vg_rhel62x8664" using metadata type lvm2</computeroutput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vgchange -ay</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput> 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg_rhel62x8664" now active</computeroutput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>mount /dev/vg_rhel62x8664/lv_root /mnt</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>When you're done, clean
|
||||
up:<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>vgchange -an vg_rhel62x8664</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="ch_obtaining_images">
|
||||
<title>Get images</title>
|
||||
<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
|
||||
<para>The simplest way to obtain a virtual machine image that works with
|
||||
OpenStack is to download one that someone else has already created.
|
||||
Most of the images contain the
|
||||
<systemitem class="process">cloud-init</systemitem> package to
|
||||
support SSH key pair and user data injection. Because many of the
|
||||
images disable SSH password authentication by default, boot the
|
||||
image with an injected key pair. You can SSH into the instance with
|
||||
the private key and default login account. See the
|
||||
<link xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/user-guide"
|
||||
>OpenStack End User Guide</link> for more information on how to
|
||||
create and inject key pairs with OpenStack.</para>
|
||||
<section xml:id="centos-images">
|
||||
<title>CentOS images</title>
|
||||
<para>The CentOS project maintains official images for direct
|
||||
download.</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link xlink:href="http://cloud.centos.org/centos/6/images/"
|
||||
>CentOS 6 images</link>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link xlink:href="http://cloud.centos.org/centos/7/images/"
|
||||
>CentOS 7 images</link>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>In a CentOS cloud image, the login account is
|
||||
<literal>centos</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="cirros-images">
|
||||
<title>CirrOS (test) images</title>
|
||||
<para>CirrOS is a minimal Linux distribution that was designed for use as a test image on
|
||||
clouds such as OpenStack Compute. You can download a CirrOS image in various formats
|
||||
from the <link xlink:href="https://download.cirros-cloud.net">CirrOS
|
||||
download page</link>.</para>
|
||||
<para>If your deployment uses QEMU or KVM, we recommend using the images in qcow2
|
||||
format. The most recent 64-bit qcow2 image as of this writing is <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://download.cirros-cloud.net/0.3.4/cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-disk.img"
|
||||
>cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-disk.img</link>.
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>In a CirrOS image, the login account is <literal>cirros</literal>. The
|
||||
password is <literal>cubswin:)</literal></para>
|
||||
</note></para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
<section xml:id="ubuntu-images">
|
||||
<title>Official Ubuntu images</title>
|
||||
<para>Canonical maintains an <link xlink:href="http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/">official
|
||||
set of Ubuntu-based images</link>.</para>
|
||||
<para>Images are arranged by Ubuntu release, and by image release date, with "current" being
|
||||
the most recent. For example, the page that contains the most recently built image for
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 "Trusty Tahr" is <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/"
|
||||
>http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/</link>. Scroll to the bottom of the
|
||||
page for links to images that can be downloaded directly.</para>
|
||||
<para>If your deployment uses QEMU or KVM, we recommend using the images in qcow2
|
||||
format. The most recent version of the 64-bit QCOW2 image for Ubuntu 14.04 is <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://uec-images.ubuntu.com/trusty/current/trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img"
|
||||
>trusty-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img</link>.<note>
|
||||
<para>In an Ubuntu cloud image, the login account is
|
||||
<literal>ubuntu</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note></para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="redhat-images">
|
||||
<title>Official Red Hat Enterprise Linux images</title>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
Red Hat maintains official Red Hat Enterprise Linux cloud
|
||||
images. A valid Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription is required
|
||||
to download these images.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link xlink:href="https://access.redhat.com/downloads/content/69/ver=/rhel---7/7.0/x86_64/product-downloads"
|
||||
>Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 KVM Guest Image</link>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link xlink:href="https://rhn.redhat.com/rhn/software/channel/downloads/Download.do?cid=16952"
|
||||
>Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 KVM Guest Image</link>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
In a RHEL cloud image, the login account is
|
||||
<literal>cloud-user</literal>.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="fedora-images">
|
||||
<title>Official Fedora images</title>
|
||||
<para>The Fedora project maintains a list of official cloud images at
|
||||
<link xlink:href="https://getfedora.org/en/cloud/download/" />.
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>In a Fedora cloud image, the login account is
|
||||
<literal>fedora</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note></para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="suse-sles-images">
|
||||
<title>Official openSUSE and SLES images</title>
|
||||
<para>SUSE provides images for <link xlink:href="http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Cloud:/Images:/">openSUSE</link>.
|
||||
For SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), custom images can be built with
|
||||
a web-based tool called <link xlink:href="http://susestudio.com">SUSE Studio</link>.
|
||||
SUSE Studio can also be used to build custom openSUSE images.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="debian-images">
|
||||
<title>Official Debian images</title>
|
||||
<para>Since January 2015,
|
||||
<link xlink:href="http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/openstack/">Debian
|
||||
provides images for direct download</link>. They are now made at the
|
||||
same time as the CD and DVD images of Debian. However, until Debian 8.0
|
||||
(aka Jessie) is out, these images are the weekly built images of the
|
||||
testing distribution.</para>
|
||||
<para>If you wish to build your own images of Debian 7.0 (aka Wheezy, the
|
||||
current stable release of Debian), you can use the package which is
|
||||
used to build the official Debian images. It is named
|
||||
<package>openstack-debian-images</package>, and it
|
||||
provides a simple script for building them. This package is available
|
||||
in Debian Unstable, Debian Jessie, and through the wheezy-backports
|
||||
repositories. To produce a Wheezy image, simply run:
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>build-openstack-debian-image -r wheezy</userinput></screen></para>
|
||||
<para>If building the image for Wheezy, packages like
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package>, <package>cloud-utils</package> or
|
||||
<package>cloud-initramfs-growroot</package> will be pulled from
|
||||
wheezy-backports. Also, the current version of
|
||||
<package>bootlogd</package> in Wheezy doesn't support logging to
|
||||
multiple consoles, which is needed so that both the OpenStack
|
||||
Dashboard console and the <command>nova console-log</command>
|
||||
console works. However, a <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://archive.gplhost.com/debian/pool/juno-backports/main/s/sysvinit/bootlogd_2.88dsf-41+deb7u2_amd64.deb">
|
||||
fixed version is available from the non-official GPLHost
|
||||
repository</link>. To install it on top of the image, it is possible
|
||||
to use the <option>--hook-script</option> option of the
|
||||
<command>build-openstack-debian-image</command> script, with this
|
||||
kind of script as parameter:
|
||||
<programlisting language="bash">#!/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
cp bootlogd_2.88dsf-41+deb7u2_amd64.deb ${BODI_CHROOT_PATH}
|
||||
chroot ${BODI_CHROOT_PATH} dpkg -i bootlogd_2.88dsf-41+deb7u2_amd64.deb
|
||||
rm ${BODI_CHROOT_PATH}/bootlogd_2.88dsf-41+deb7u2_amd64.deb</programlisting></para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>In a Debian image, the login account is <literal>admin</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="other-distros">
|
||||
<title>Official images from other Linux distributions</title>
|
||||
<para>As of this writing, we are not aware of other distributions that provide images for download.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="rcb-images">
|
||||
<title>Rackspace Cloud Builders (multiple distros)
|
||||
images</title>
|
||||
<para>Rackspace Cloud Builders maintains a list of pre-built images from various
|
||||
distributions (Red Hat, CentOS, Fedora, Ubuntu). Links to these images can be found at
|
||||
<link xlink:href="https://github.com/rackerjoe/oz-image-build"
|
||||
>rackerjoe/oz-image-build on GitHub</link>.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="windows-images">
|
||||
<title>Microsoft Windows images</title>
|
||||
<para>Cloudbase Solutions hosts an <link xlink:href="http://www.cloudbase.it/ws2012r2/"
|
||||
>OpenStack Windows Server 2012 Standard Evaluation image</link> that runs on
|
||||
Hyper-V, KVM, and XenServer/XCP.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
@ -1,549 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE chapter [
|
||||
<!ENTITY % openstack SYSTEM "../common/entities/openstack.ent">
|
||||
%openstack;
|
||||
]>
|
||||
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="ch_openstack_images">
|
||||
<title>OpenStack Linux image requirements</title>
|
||||
<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
|
||||
<para>For a Linux-based image to have full functionality in an
|
||||
OpenStack Compute cloud, there are a few requirements. For
|
||||
some of these, you can fulfill the requirements by installing
|
||||
the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="https://cloudinit.readthedocs.org/en/latest/"
|
||||
><package>cloud-init</package></link> package. Read
|
||||
this section before you create your own image to be sure that
|
||||
the image supports the OpenStack features that you plan to use.</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Disk partitions and resize root partition on boot
|
||||
(<package>cloud-init</package>)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>No hard-coded MAC address information</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>SSH server running</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Disable firewall</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Access instance using ssh public key
|
||||
(<package>cloud-init</package>)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Process user data and other metadata
|
||||
(<package>cloud-init</package>)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Paravirtualized Xen support in Linux kernel (Xen
|
||||
hypervisor only with Linux kernel version <
|
||||
3.0)</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<section xml:id="support-resizing">
|
||||
<title>Disk partitions and resize root partition on boot
|
||||
(cloud-init)</title>
|
||||
<para>When you create a Linux image, you must decide how to
|
||||
partition the disks. The choice of partition method can
|
||||
affect the resizing functionality, as described in the
|
||||
following sections.</para>
|
||||
<para>The size of the disk in a virtual machine image is
|
||||
determined when you initially create the image. However,
|
||||
OpenStack lets you launch instances with different size
|
||||
drives by specifying different flavors. For example, if
|
||||
your image was created with a 5 GB disk, and you
|
||||
launch an instance with a flavor of
|
||||
<literal>m1.small</literal>. The resulting virtual
|
||||
machine instance has, by default, a primary disk size of
|
||||
10 GB. When the disk for an instance is resized up,
|
||||
zeros are just added to the end.</para>
|
||||
<para>Your image must be able to resize its partitions on boot
|
||||
to match the size requested by the user. Otherwise, after
|
||||
the instance boots, you must manually resize the
|
||||
partitions to access the additional storage to which you
|
||||
have access when the disk size associated with the flavor
|
||||
exceeds the disk size with which your image was
|
||||
created.</para>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Xen: 1 ext3/ext4 partition (no LVM, no /boot, no
|
||||
swap)</title>
|
||||
<para>If you use the OpenStack XenAPI driver, the Compute
|
||||
service automatically adjusts the partition and file
|
||||
system for your instance on boot. Automatic resize
|
||||
occurs if the following conditions are all
|
||||
true:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>auto_disk_config=True</literal> is
|
||||
set as a property on the image in the image
|
||||
registry.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The disk on the image has only one
|
||||
partition.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The file system on the one partition is ext3
|
||||
or ext4.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>Therefore, if you use Xen, we recommend that when
|
||||
you create your images, you create a single ext3 or
|
||||
ext4 partition (not managed by LVM). Otherwise, read
|
||||
on.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Non-Xen with cloud-init/cloud-tools: One ext3/ext4
|
||||
partition (no LVM, no /boot, no swap)</title>
|
||||
<para>You must configure these items for your
|
||||
image:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The partition table for the image describes
|
||||
the original size of the image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The file system for the image fills the
|
||||
original size of the image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>Then, during the boot process, you must:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Modify the partition table to make it aware
|
||||
of the additional space:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>If you do not use LVM, you must
|
||||
modify the table to extend the
|
||||
existing root partition to encompass
|
||||
this additional space.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>If you use LVM, you can add a new
|
||||
LVM entry to the partition table,
|
||||
create a new LVM physical volume, add
|
||||
it to the volume group, and extend the
|
||||
logical partition with the root
|
||||
volume.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Resize the root volume file system.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>The simplest way to support this is to
|
||||
install in your image the:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-utils">cloud-utils</link>
|
||||
package, which contains the <command>growpart</command>
|
||||
tool for extending partitions.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-initramfs-tools">cloud-initramfs-growroot</link>
|
||||
package for Ubuntu, Debian and Fedora, which supports
|
||||
resizing root partition on the first boot.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><package>cloud-initramfs-growroot</package>
|
||||
package for Centos and RHEL.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-init">cloud-init</link>
|
||||
package.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>With these packages installed, the image
|
||||
performs the root partition resize on boot. For
|
||||
example, in the <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>
|
||||
file. These packages are in the Ubuntu and Debian
|
||||
package repository, as well as the EPEL repository
|
||||
(for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS/Scientific Linux
|
||||
guests).</para>
|
||||
<para>If you cannot install
|
||||
<literal>cloud-initramfs-tools</literal>, Robert
|
||||
Plestenjak has a GitHub project called <link
|
||||
xlink:href="https://github.com/flegmatik/linux-rootfs-resize"
|
||||
>linux-rootfs-resize</link> that contains scripts
|
||||
that update a ramdisk by using
|
||||
<command>growpart</command> so that the image
|
||||
resizes properly on boot.</para>
|
||||
<para>If you can install the cloud-utils and
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package> packages, we
|
||||
recommend that when you create your images, you create
|
||||
a single ext3 or ext4 partition (not managed by
|
||||
LVM).</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Non-Xen without
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package>/<package>cloud-tools</package>:
|
||||
LVM</title>
|
||||
<para>If you cannot install <package>cloud-init</package>
|
||||
and <package>cloud-tools</package> inside of your
|
||||
guest, and you want to support resize, you must write
|
||||
a script that your image runs on boot to modify the
|
||||
partition table. In this case, we recommend using LVM
|
||||
to manage your partitions. Due to a limitation in the
|
||||
Linux kernel (as of this writing), you cannot modify a
|
||||
partition table of a raw disk that has partitions
|
||||
currently mounted, but you can do this for LVM.</para>
|
||||
<para>Your script must do something like the following:<orderedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Detect if any additional space is
|
||||
available on the disk. For example, parse
|
||||
the output of <command>parted /dev/sda
|
||||
--script "print
|
||||
free"</command>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Create a new LVM partition with the
|
||||
additional space. For example,
|
||||
<command>parted /dev/sda --script
|
||||
"mkpart lvm ..."</command>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Create a new physical volume. For
|
||||
example, <command>pvcreate
|
||||
/dev/<replaceable>sda6</replaceable></command>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Extend the volume group with this
|
||||
physical partition. For example,
|
||||
<command>vgextend
|
||||
<replaceable>vg00</replaceable>
|
||||
/dev/<replaceable>sda6</replaceable></command>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Extend the logical volume contained the
|
||||
root partition by the amount of space. For
|
||||
example, <command>lvextend
|
||||
/dev/mapper/<replaceable>node-root</replaceable>
|
||||
/dev/<replaceable>sda6</replaceable></command>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Resize the root file system. For
|
||||
example, <command>resize2fs
|
||||
/dev/mapper/<replaceable>node-root</replaceable></command>.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</orderedlist></para>
|
||||
<para>You do not need a <filename>/boot</filename>
|
||||
partition unless your image is an older Linux
|
||||
distribution that requires that
|
||||
<filename>/boot</filename> is not managed by
|
||||
LVM.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="mac-address">
|
||||
<title>No hard-coded MAC address information</title>
|
||||
<para>You must remove the network persistence rules in the
|
||||
image because they cause the network interface in the
|
||||
instance to come up as an interface other than eth0. This
|
||||
is because your image has a record of the MAC address of
|
||||
the network interface card when it was first installed,
|
||||
and this MAC address is different each time the
|
||||
instance boots. You should alter the following
|
||||
files:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Replace
|
||||
<filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</filename>
|
||||
with an empty file (contains network persistence
|
||||
rules, including MAC address).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Replace
|
||||
<filename>/lib/udev/rules.d/75-persistent-net-generator.rules</filename>
|
||||
with an empty file (this generates the file
|
||||
above).</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Remove the HWADDR line from
|
||||
<filename>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</filename>
|
||||
on Fedora-based images.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>If you delete the network persistent rules files,
|
||||
you may get a udev kernel warning at boot time, which
|
||||
is why we recommend replacing them with empty files
|
||||
instead.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="ensure-ssh-server">
|
||||
<title>Ensure ssh server runs</title>
|
||||
<para>You must install an ssh server into the image and ensure
|
||||
that it starts up on boot, or you cannot connect to your
|
||||
instance by using ssh when it boots inside of OpenStack.
|
||||
This package is typically called
|
||||
<literal>openssh-server</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="disable-firewall">
|
||||
<title>Disable firewall</title>
|
||||
<para>In general, we recommend that you disable any firewalls
|
||||
inside of your image and use OpenStack security groups to
|
||||
restrict access to instances. The reason is that having a
|
||||
firewall installed on your instance can make it more
|
||||
difficult to troubleshoot networking issues if you cannot
|
||||
connect to your instance.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="ssh-public-key">
|
||||
<title>Access instance by using ssh public key
|
||||
(cloud-init)</title>
|
||||
<para>The typical way that users access virtual machines
|
||||
running on OpenStack is to ssh using public key
|
||||
authentication. For this to work, your virtual machine
|
||||
image must be configured to download the ssh public key
|
||||
from the OpenStack metadata service or config drive, at
|
||||
boot time.</para>
|
||||
<para>If both the XenAPI agent and <package>cloud-init</package> are
|
||||
present in an image, <package>cloud-init</package> handles ssh-key
|
||||
injection. The system assumes <package>cloud-init</package> is
|
||||
present when the image has the <literal>cloud_init_installed
|
||||
</literal> property.</para>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Use <package>cloud-init</package> to fetch the
|
||||
public key</title>
|
||||
<para>The <package>cloud-init</package> package
|
||||
automatically fetches the public key from the metadata
|
||||
server and places the key in an account. The account
|
||||
varies by distribution. On Ubuntu-based virtual
|
||||
machines, the account is called
|
||||
<literal>ubuntu</literal>. On Fedora-based virtual
|
||||
machines, the account is called
|
||||
<literal>ec2-user</literal>.</para>
|
||||
<para>You can change the name of the account used by
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package> by editing the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/cloud/cloud.cfg</filename> file and
|
||||
adding a line with a different user. For example, to
|
||||
configure <package>cloud-init</package> to put the key
|
||||
in an account named <literal>admin</literal>, edit the
|
||||
configuration file so it has the line:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>user: admin</programlisting>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Write a custom script to fetch the public
|
||||
key</title>
|
||||
<para>If you are unable or unwilling to install
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package> inside the guest,
|
||||
you can write a custom script to fetch the public key
|
||||
and add it to a user account.</para>
|
||||
<para>To fetch the ssh public key and add it to the root
|
||||
account, edit the <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>
|
||||
file and add the following lines before the line
|
||||
"touch /var/lock/subsys/local". This code fragment is
|
||||
taken from the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="https://github.com/rackerjoe/oz-image-build/blob/master/templates/centos60_x86_64.tdl"
|
||||
>rackerjoe oz-image-build CentOS 6
|
||||
template</link>.</para>
|
||||
<programlisting language="bash">if [ ! -d /root/.ssh ]; then
|
||||
mkdir -p /root/.ssh
|
||||
chmod 700 /root/.ssh
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
# Fetch public key using HTTP
|
||||
ATTEMPTS=30
|
||||
FAILED=0
|
||||
while [ ! -f /root/.ssh/authorized_keys ]; do
|
||||
curl -f http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/0/openssh-key > /tmp/metadata-key 2>/dev/null
|
||||
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
|
||||
cat /tmp/metadata-key >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
chmod 0600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
restorecon /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
rm -f /tmp/metadata-key
|
||||
echo "Successfully retrieved public key from instance metadata"
|
||||
echo "*****************"
|
||||
echo "AUTHORIZED KEYS"
|
||||
echo "*****************"
|
||||
cat /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
echo "*****************"
|
||||
else
|
||||
FAILED=`expr $FAILED + 1`
|
||||
if [ $FAILED -ge $ATTEMPTS ]; then
|
||||
echo "Failed to retrieve public key from instance metadata after $FAILED attempts, quitting"
|
||||
break
|
||||
fi
|
||||
echo "Could not retrieve public key from instance metadata (attempt #$FAILED/$ATTEMPTS), retrying in 5 seconds..."
|
||||
sleep 5
|
||||
fi
|
||||
done</programlisting>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Some VNC clients replace : (colon) with ;
|
||||
(semicolon) and _ (underscore) with - (hyphen). If
|
||||
editing a file over a VNC session, make sure it's
|
||||
http: not http; and authorized_keys not
|
||||
authorized-keys.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="metadata">
|
||||
<title>Process user data and other metadata
|
||||
(cloud-init)</title>
|
||||
<para>In addition to the ssh public key, an image might need
|
||||
additional information from OpenStack, such as <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/user-guide/cli_provide_user_data_to_instances.html"
|
||||
>Provide user data to instances</link>, that the user
|
||||
submitted when requesting the image. For example, you might
|
||||
want to set the host name of the instance when it is booted.
|
||||
Or, you might wish to configure your image so that it executes
|
||||
user data content as a script on boot.</para>
|
||||
<para>You can access this information through the metadata
|
||||
service or referring to <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/user-guide/cli_config_drive.html"
|
||||
>Store metadata on the configuration drive</link>. As the OpenStack metadata
|
||||
service is compatible with version 2009-04-04 of the
|
||||
Amazon EC2 metadata service, consult the Amazon EC2
|
||||
documentation on <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSEC2/2009-04-04/UserGuide/AESDG-chapter-instancedata.html"
|
||||
>Using Instance Metadata</link> for details on how to
|
||||
retrieve user data.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The easiest way to support this type of functionality is
|
||||
to install the <package>cloud-init</package> package into
|
||||
your image, which is configured by default to treat user
|
||||
data as an executable script, and sets the host
|
||||
name.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="write-to-console">
|
||||
<title>Ensure image writes boot log to console</title>
|
||||
<para>You must configure the image so that the kernel writes
|
||||
the boot log to the <literal>ttyS0</literal> device. In
|
||||
particular, the <literal>console=ttyS0</literal> argument
|
||||
must be passed to the kernel on boot.</para>
|
||||
<para>If your image uses grub2 as the boot loader, there
|
||||
should be a line in the grub configuration file. For
|
||||
example, <filename>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</filename>, which
|
||||
looks something like this:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-49-virtual root=UUID=6d2231e4-0975-4f35-a94f-56738c1a8150 ro console=ttyS0</programlisting>
|
||||
<para>If <literal>console=ttyS0</literal> does not appear, you
|
||||
must modify your grub configuration. In general, you
|
||||
should not update the <filename>grub.cfg</filename>
|
||||
directly, since it is automatically generated. Instead,
|
||||
you should edit <filename>/etc/default/grub</filename> and
|
||||
modify the value of the
|
||||
<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</literal>
|
||||
variable:
|
||||
<programlisting language="bash">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="console=ttyS0"</programlisting></para>
|
||||
<para>Next, update the grub configuration. On Debian-based
|
||||
operating-systems such as Ubuntu, run this command:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>update-grub</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>On Fedora-based systems, such as RHEL and CentOS, and on
|
||||
openSUSE, run this command:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="image-xen-pv">
|
||||
<title>Paravirtualized Xen support in the kernel (Xen
|
||||
hypervisor only)</title>
|
||||
<para>Prior to Linux kernel version 3.0, the mainline branch
|
||||
of the Linux kernel did not have support for paravirtualized
|
||||
Xen virtual machine instances (what Xen calls DomU
|
||||
guests). If you are running the Xen hypervisor with
|
||||
paravirtualization, and you want to create an image for an
|
||||
older Linux distribution that has a pre 3.0 kernel, you
|
||||
must ensure that the image boots a kernel that has been
|
||||
compiled with Xen support.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="image-cache-management">
|
||||
<title>Manage the image cache</title>
|
||||
<para>Use options in <filename>nova.conf</filename> to control
|
||||
whether, and for how long, unused base images are stored
|
||||
in <filename>/var/lib/nova/instances/_base/</filename>. If
|
||||
you have configured live migration of instances, all your
|
||||
compute nodes share one common
|
||||
<filename>/var/lib/nova/instances/</filename>
|
||||
directory.</para>
|
||||
<para>For information about libvirt images in OpenStack, see
|
||||
<link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/openstack_libvirt_images/"
|
||||
>The life of an OpenStack libvirt image from Pádraig
|
||||
Brady</link>.</para>
|
||||
<table rules="all">
|
||||
<caption>Image cache management configuration
|
||||
options</caption>
|
||||
<col width="50%"/>
|
||||
<col width="50%"/>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Configuration option=Default value</td>
|
||||
<td>(Type) Description</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>preallocate_images=none</td>
|
||||
<td><para>(StrOpt) VM image preallocation
|
||||
mode:</para><itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>none</literal>. No
|
||||
storage provisioning occurs up
|
||||
front.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>space</literal>.
|
||||
Storage is fully allocated at
|
||||
instance start. The
|
||||
<literal>$instance_dir/</literal>
|
||||
images are <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/fallocate.2.html"
|
||||
>fallocate</link>d to immediately
|
||||
determine if enough space is
|
||||
available, and to possibly improve
|
||||
VM I/O performance due to ongoing
|
||||
allocation avoidance, and better
|
||||
locality of block
|
||||
allocations.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>remove_unused_base_images=True</td>
|
||||
<td>(BoolOpt) Should unused base images be
|
||||
removed? When set to True, the interval at
|
||||
which base images are removed are set with the
|
||||
following two settings. If set to False base
|
||||
images are never removed by Compute.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds=86400</td>
|
||||
<td>(IntOpt) Unused unresized base images younger
|
||||
than this are not removed. Default is 86400
|
||||
seconds, or 24 hours.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds=3600</td>
|
||||
<td>(IntOpt) Unused resized base images younger
|
||||
than this are not removed. Default is 3600
|
||||
seconds, or one hour.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<para>To see how the settings affect the deletion of a running
|
||||
instance, check the directory where the images are
|
||||
stored:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>ls -lash /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>In the <filename>/var/log/compute/compute.log</filename>
|
||||
file, look for the identifier:</para>
|
||||
<screen><computeroutput>2012-02-18 04:24:17 41389 WARNING nova.virt.libvirt.imagecache [-] Unknown base file: /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810
|
||||
a0d1d5d3_20
|
||||
2012-02-18 04:24:17 41389 INFO nova.virt.libvirt.imagecache [-] Removable base files: /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810
|
||||
a0d1d5d3 /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810a0d1d5d3_20
|
||||
2012-02-18 04:24:17 41389 INFO nova.virt.libvirt.imagecache [-] Removing base file: /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810a0d1d5d3</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Because 86400 seconds (24 hours) is the default time for
|
||||
<literal>remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds</literal>,
|
||||
you can either wait for that time interval to see the base
|
||||
image removed, or set the value to a shorter time period
|
||||
in <filename>nova.conf</filename>. Restart all nova
|
||||
services after changing a setting in
|
||||
<filename>nova.conf</filename>.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</chapter>
|
||||
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@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
|
||||
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
|
||||
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
|
||||
<parent>
|
||||
<groupId>org.openstack.docs</groupId>
|
||||
<artifactId>parent-pom</artifactId>
|
||||
<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
|
||||
<relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath>
|
||||
</parent>
|
||||
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
|
||||
<artifactId>openstack-image-guide</artifactId>
|
||||
<packaging>jar</packaging>
|
||||
<name>OpenStack Virtual Machine Image Guide</name>
|
||||
<properties>
|
||||
<!-- This is set by Jenkins according to the branch. -->
|
||||
<release.path.name>local</release.path.name>
|
||||
<comments.enabled>1</comments.enabled>
|
||||
</properties>
|
||||
<!-- ################################################ -->
|
||||
<!-- USE "mvn clean generate-sources" to run this POM -->
|
||||
<!-- ################################################ -->
|
||||
<build>
|
||||
<plugins>
|
||||
<plugin>
|
||||
<groupId>com.rackspace.cloud.api</groupId>
|
||||
<artifactId>clouddocs-maven-plugin</artifactId>
|
||||
<!-- version is set in ../pom.xml file -->
|
||||
<executions>
|
||||
<execution>
|
||||
<id>generate-webhelp</id>
|
||||
<goals>
|
||||
<goal>generate-webhelp</goal>
|
||||
</goals>
|
||||
<phase>generate-sources</phase>
|
||||
<configuration>
|
||||
<!-- These parameters only apply to webhelp -->
|
||||
<enableDisqus>${comments.enabled}</enableDisqus>
|
||||
<disqusShortname>os-image-guide</disqusShortname>
|
||||
<enableGoogleAnalytics>1</enableGoogleAnalytics>
|
||||
<googleAnalyticsId>UA-17511903-1</googleAnalyticsId>
|
||||
<generateToc>
|
||||
appendix toc,title
|
||||
article/appendix nop
|
||||
article toc,title
|
||||
book toc,title,figure,table,example,equation
|
||||
chapter toc
|
||||
section toc
|
||||
part toc
|
||||
preface toc
|
||||
qandadiv toc
|
||||
qandaset toc
|
||||
reference toc,title
|
||||
set toc,title
|
||||
</generateToc>
|
||||
<!-- The following elements sets the autonumbering of sections in output for chapter numbers but no numbered sections-->
|
||||
<sectionAutolabel>0</sectionAutolabel>
|
||||
<formalProcedures>0</formalProcedures>
|
||||
<tocSectionDepth>1</tocSectionDepth>
|
||||
<tocChapterDepth>1</tocChapterDepth>
|
||||
<sectionLabelIncludesComponentLabel>0</sectionLabelIncludesComponentLabel>
|
||||
<webhelpDirname>image-guide</webhelpDirname>
|
||||
<pdfFilenameBase>image-guide</pdfFilenameBase>
|
||||
</configuration>
|
||||
</execution>
|
||||
</executions>
|
||||
<configuration>
|
||||
<!-- These parameters apply to pdf and webhelp -->
|
||||
<xincludeSupported>true</xincludeSupported>
|
||||
<sourceDirectory>.</sourceDirectory>
|
||||
<includes>
|
||||
bk-imageguide.xml
|
||||
</includes>
|
||||
<canonicalUrlBase>http://docs.openstack.org/image-guide/content</canonicalUrlBase>
|
||||
<glossaryCollection>${basedir}/../glossary/glossary-terms.xml</glossaryCollection>
|
||||
<branding>openstack</branding>
|
||||
</configuration>
|
||||
</plugin>
|
||||
</plugins>
|
||||
</build>
|
||||
</project>
|
||||
@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Roadmap for Virtual Machine Image Guide
|
||||
---------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
This file is stored with the source to offer ideas for what to work on.
|
||||
Put your name next to a task if you want to work on it and put a WIP
|
||||
review up on review.openstack.org.
|
||||
|
||||
May 21, 2014
|
||||
To do tasks:
|
||||
|
||||
- Add a chapter describing how to make an image for Database as a
|
||||
Service (trove)
|
||||
- Add audience information; who is this book intended for
|
||||
|
||||
Ongoing tasks:
|
||||
|
||||
- Ensure it meets conventions and standards
|
||||
|
||||
Wishlist tasks:
|
||||
|
||||
- Replace all individual client commands (like keystone, glance) with
|
||||
openstack client commands
|
||||
@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:id="centos-image">
|
||||
<title>Example: CentOS image</title>
|
||||
<para>This example shows you how to install a CentOS image and focuses mainly on CentOS 6.4.
|
||||
Because the CentOS installation process might differ across versions, the installation steps
|
||||
might differ if you use a different version of CentOS.</para>
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<title>Download a CentOS install ISO</title>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Navigate to the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.centos.org/download/mirrors/">CentOS
|
||||
mirrors</link> page.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Click one of the <literal>HTTP</literal> links in the right-hand column next to
|
||||
one of the mirrors.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Click the folder link of the CentOS version that you want to use. For example,
|
||||
<literal>6.4/</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Click the <literal>isos/</literal> folder link.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Click the <literal>x86_64/</literal> folder link for 64-bit images.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Click the netinstall ISO image that you want to download. For example,
|
||||
<filename>CentOS-6.4-x86_64-netinstall.iso</filename> is a good choice because
|
||||
it is a smaller image that downloads missing packages from the Internet during
|
||||
installation.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Start the installation process</title>
|
||||
<para>Start the installation process using either <command>virt-manager</command> or
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command> as described in the previous section. If you use
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command>, do not forget to connect your VNC client to the
|
||||
virtual machine.</para>
|
||||
<para>Assume that:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>The name of your virtual machine image is <literal>centos-6.4</literal>;
|
||||
you need this name when you use <command>virsh</command> commands to manipulate the
|
||||
state of the image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>You saved the netinstall ISO image to the <filename>/data/isos</filename> directory.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>If you use <command>virt-install</command>, the commands should look something like
|
||||
this:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 /tmp/centos-6.4.qcow2 10G</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-install --virt-type kvm --name centos-6.4 --ram 1024 \
|
||||
--disk /tmp/centos-6.4.qcow2,format=qcow2 \
|
||||
--network network=default \
|
||||
--graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 --noautoconsole \
|
||||
--os-type=linux --os-variant=rhel6 \
|
||||
--extra-args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial" \
|
||||
--location=/data/isos/CentOS-6.4-x86_64-netinstall.iso</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Step through the installation</title>
|
||||
<para>At the initial Installer boot menu, choose the <guilabel>Install or upgrade an
|
||||
existing system</guilabel> option. Step through the installation prompts. Accept the
|
||||
defaults.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject role="fo">
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/centos-install.png" format="PNG" scale="60"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
<imageobject role="html">
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/centos-install.png" format="PNG"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Configure TCP/IP</title>
|
||||
<para>The default TCP/IP settings are fine. In particular, ensure that Enable IPv4 support
|
||||
is enabled with DHCP, which is the default.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/centos-tcpip.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Point the installer to a CentOS web server</title>
|
||||
<para>Choose URL as the installation method.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/install-method.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
<para>Depending on the version of CentOS, the net installer requires the user to specify
|
||||
either a URL or the web site and a CentOS directory that corresponds to one of the
|
||||
CentOS mirrors. If the installer asks for a single URL, a valid URL might be
|
||||
<literal>http://mirror.umd.edu/centos/6/os/x86_64</literal>.</para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Consider using other mirrors as an alternative to
|
||||
<literal>mirror.umd.edu</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/url-setup.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
<para>If the installer asks for web site name and CentOS directory separately, you might
|
||||
enter:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Web site name: <literal>mirror.umd.edu</literal></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>CentOS directory: <literal>centos/6/os/x86_64</literal></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>See <link xlink:href="http://www.centos.org/download/mirrors/"
|
||||
>CentOS mirror page</link> to get a full list of mirrors, click on the "HTTP" link
|
||||
of a mirror to retrieve the web site name of a mirror.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Storage devices</title>
|
||||
<para>If prompted about which type of devices your installation uses, choose <guilabel>Basic
|
||||
Storage Devices</guilabel>.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Hostname</title>
|
||||
<para>The installer may ask you to choose a host name. The default
|
||||
(<literal>localhost.localdomain</literal>) is fine. You install the <systemitem
|
||||
class="service">cloud-init</systemitem> package later, which sets the host name on
|
||||
boot when a new instance is provisioned using this image.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Partition the disks</title>
|
||||
<para>There are different options for partitioning the disks. The default installation uses
|
||||
LVM partitions, and creates three partitions (<filename>/boot</filename>,
|
||||
<filename>/</filename>, swap), which works fine. Alternatively, you might want to
|
||||
create a single ext4 partition that is mounted to "<literal>/</literal>", which also
|
||||
works fine.</para>
|
||||
<para>If unsure, use the default partition scheme for the installer because no scheme is
|
||||
better than another.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Step through the installation</title>
|
||||
<para>Step through the installation, using the default options. The simplest thing to do is
|
||||
to choose the "Basic Server" install (may be called "Server" install on older versions
|
||||
of CentOS), which installs an SSH server.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Detach the CD-ROM and reboot</title>
|
||||
<para>When the installation has completed, the <guilabel>Congratulations, your CentOS installation
|
||||
is complete</guilabel> screen appears.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/centos-complete.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
<para>To eject a disk by using the <command>virsh</command> command, libvirt requires that
|
||||
you attach an empty disk at the same target that the CDROM was previously attached,
|
||||
which should be <literal>hdc</literal>. You can confirm the appropriate target using the
|
||||
<command>virsh dumpxml <replaceable>vm-image</replaceable></command> command.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh dumpxml centos-6.4</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput><domain type='kvm'>
|
||||
<name>centos-6.4</name>
|
||||
...
|
||||
<disk type='block' device='cdrom'>
|
||||
<driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
|
||||
<target dev='hdc' bus='ide'/>
|
||||
<readonly/>
|
||||
<address type='drive' controller='0' bus='1' target='0' unit='0'/>
|
||||
</disk>
|
||||
...
|
||||
</domain>
|
||||
</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Run the following commands from the host to eject the disk and reboot using virsh, as
|
||||
root. If you are using virt-manager, the commands below will work, but you can also use
|
||||
the GUI to detach and reboot it by manually stopping and starting.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh attach-disk --type cdrom --mode readonly centos-6.4 "" hdc</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh destroy centos-6.4</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh start centos-6.4</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Log in to newly created image</title>
|
||||
<para>When you boot for the first time after installation, you might be prompted about
|
||||
authentication tools. Select <guilabel>Exit</guilabel>. Then, log in as root.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Install the ACPI service</title>
|
||||
<para>To enable the hypervisor to reboot or shutdown an instance, you
|
||||
must install and run the <systemitem
|
||||
class="service">acpid</systemitem> service on the guest
|
||||
system.</para>
|
||||
<para>Run the following commands inside the CentOS guest to install the
|
||||
ACPI service and configure it to start when the system
|
||||
boots:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install acpid</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>chkconfig acpid on</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Configure to fetch metadata</title>
|
||||
<para>An instance must interact with the metadata service to perform several tasks on start
|
||||
up. For example, the instance must get the ssh public key and run the user data script.
|
||||
To ensure that the instance performs these tasks, use one of these methods:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Install a <systemitem class="service">cloud-init</systemitem> RPM, which is a
|
||||
port of the Ubuntu <link xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-init"
|
||||
>cloud-init</link> package. This is the recommended approach.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Modify <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename> to fetch desired information from
|
||||
the metadata service, as described in the next section.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Use cloud-init to fetch the public key</title>
|
||||
<para>The <systemitem class="service">cloud-init</systemitem> package automatically fetches
|
||||
the public key from the metadata server and places the key in an account. You can
|
||||
install <systemitem class="service">cloud-init</systemitem> inside the CentOS guest by
|
||||
adding the EPEL repo:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install cloud-init</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>The account varies by distribution. On Ubuntu-based virtual machines, the account is
|
||||
called <literal>ubuntu</literal>. On Fedora-based virtual machines, the account is
|
||||
called <literal>ec2-user</literal>.</para>
|
||||
<para>You can change the name of the account used by <systemitem class="service"
|
||||
>cloud-init</systemitem> by editing the <filename>/etc/cloud/cloud.cfg</filename>
|
||||
file and adding a line with a different user. For example, to configure <systemitem
|
||||
class="service">cloud-init</systemitem> to put the key in an account named
|
||||
<literal>admin</literal>, add this line to the configuration file:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>user: admin</programlisting>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Write a script to fetch the public key (if no cloud-init)</title>
|
||||
<para>If you are not able to install the <systemitem class="service">cloud-init</systemitem>
|
||||
package in your image, to fetch the ssh public key and add it to the root account, edit
|
||||
the <filename>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</filename> file and add the following lines before the line
|
||||
<literal>touch /var/lock/subsys/local</literal>:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting language="bash">if [ ! -d /root/.ssh ]; then
|
||||
mkdir -p /root/.ssh
|
||||
chmod 700 /root/.ssh
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
# Fetch public key using HTTP
|
||||
ATTEMPTS=30
|
||||
FAILED=0
|
||||
while [ ! -f /root/.ssh/authorized_keys ]; do
|
||||
curl -f http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/0/openssh-key \
|
||||
> /tmp/metadata-key 2>/dev/null
|
||||
if [ \$? -eq 0 ]; then
|
||||
cat /tmp/metadata-key >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
chmod 0600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
restorecon /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
rm -f /tmp/metadata-key
|
||||
echo "Successfully retrieved public key from instance metadata"
|
||||
echo "*****************"
|
||||
echo "AUTHORIZED KEYS"
|
||||
echo "*****************"
|
||||
cat /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
||||
echo "*****************"
|
||||
fi
|
||||
done</programlisting>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>Some VNC clients replace the colon (<literal>:</literal>) with a semicolon
|
||||
(<literal>;</literal>) and the underscore (<literal>_</literal>) with a hyphen
|
||||
(<literal>-</literal>). Make sure to specify <literal>http:</literal> and not
|
||||
<literal>http;</literal>. Make sure to specify
|
||||
<literal>authorized_keys</literal> and not
|
||||
<literal>authorized-keys</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>The previous script only gets the ssh public key from the metadata server. It does
|
||||
not get user data, which is optional data that can be passed by the user when
|
||||
requesting a new instance. User data is often used to run a custom script when an
|
||||
instance boots.</para>
|
||||
<para>As the OpenStack metadata service is compatible with version 2009-04-04 of the
|
||||
Amazon EC2 metadata service, consult the Amazon EC2 documentation on <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSEC2/2009-04-04/UserGuide/AESDG-chapter-instancedata.html"
|
||||
>Using Instance Metadata</link> for details on how to get user data.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Disable the zeroconf route</title>
|
||||
<para>For the instance to access the metadata service, you must disable the default zeroconf
|
||||
route:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo "NOZEROCONF=yes" >> /etc/sysconfig/network</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Configure console</title>
|
||||
<para>For the <command>nova console-log</command> command to work properly on CentOS
|
||||
6.<replaceable>x</replaceable>, you might need to add the following lines to the
|
||||
<filename>/boot/grub/menu.lst</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>serial --unit=0 --speed=115200
|
||||
terminal --timeout=10 console serial
|
||||
# Edit the kernel line to add the console entries
|
||||
kernel <replaceable>...</replaceable> console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8</programlisting>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Shut down the instance</title>
|
||||
<para>From inside the instance, as root:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Clean up (remove MAC address details)</title>
|
||||
<para>The operating system records the MAC address of the virtual Ethernet card in locations
|
||||
such as <filename>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</filename> and
|
||||
<filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</filename> during the instance
|
||||
process. However, each time the image boots up, the virtual Ethernet card will have a
|
||||
different MAC address, so this information must be deleted from the configuration
|
||||
file.</para>
|
||||
<para>There is a utility called <command>virt-sysprep</command>, that performs various
|
||||
cleanup tasks such as removing the MAC address references. It will clean up a virtual
|
||||
machine image in place:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-sysprep -d centos-6.4</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Undefine the libvirt domain</title>
|
||||
<para>Now that you can upload the image to the Image service, you no longer need to have
|
||||
this virtual machine image managed by libvirt. Use the <command>virsh undefine
|
||||
<replaceable>vm-image</replaceable></command> command to inform libvirt:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh undefine centos-6.4</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Image is complete</title>
|
||||
<para>The underlying image file that you created with <command>qemu-img create</command> is
|
||||
ready to be uploaded. For example, you can upload the
|
||||
<filename>/tmp/centos-6.4.qcow2</filename> image to the Image service.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE section [
|
||||
<!ENTITY % openstack SYSTEM "../common/entities/openstack.ent">
|
||||
%openstack;
|
||||
]>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:id="section_fedora-example">
|
||||
<title>Example: Fedora image</title>
|
||||
<para>Download a <link xlink:href="http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Fedora/x86_64/iso/Fedora-20-x86_64-DVD.iso">Fedora</link>
|
||||
ISO image. This procedure lets you create a Fedora 20 image.</para>
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step><para>Start the installation using <command>virt-install</command> as shown below:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 fedora-20.qcow2 8G</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-install --connect=qemu:///system --network=bridge:virbr0 \
|
||||
--extra-args="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200 serial rd_NO_PLYMOUTH" \
|
||||
--name=fedora-20 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/fedora-20.qcow2,format=qcow2,size=10,cache=none \
|
||||
--ram 2048 --vcpus=2 --check-cpu --accelerate --os-type linux --os-variant fedora19 \
|
||||
--hvm --location=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Fedora/x86_64/os/ \
|
||||
--nographics</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>This will launch a VM and start the installation process.</para>
|
||||
<screen><computeroutput>Starting install...
|
||||
Retrieving file .treeinfo... | 2.2 kB 00:00:00 !!!
|
||||
Retrieving file vmlinuz... | 9.8 MB 00:00:05 !!!
|
||||
Retrieving file initrd.img... | 66 MB 00:00:37 !!!
|
||||
Allocating 'fedora-20.qcow2' | 10 GB 00:00:00
|
||||
Creating domain... | 0 B 00:00:00
|
||||
Connected to domain fedora-20
|
||||
Escape character is ^]
|
||||
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
|
||||
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
|
||||
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
|
||||
...
|
||||
...
|
||||
...
|
||||
[ OK ] Reached target Local File Systems (Pre).
|
||||
Starting installer, one moment...
|
||||
anaconda 20.25.15-1 for Fedora 20 started.
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
===============================================================================</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step><para>Choose the VNC or text mode to set the installation options.</para>
|
||||
<screen><computeroutput>Text mode provides a limited set of installation
|
||||
options. It does not offer custom partitioning for full control over the
|
||||
disk layout. Would you like to use VNC mode instead?
|
||||
|
||||
1) Start VNC
|
||||
|
||||
2) Use text mode
|
||||
|
||||
Please make your choice from above ['q' to quit | 'c' to continue |
|
||||
'r' to refresh]:</computeroutput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Set the timezone, network configuration, installation
|
||||
source, and the root password. Optionally,
|
||||
you can choose to create a user.</para></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Set up the installation destination as shown below:</para>
|
||||
<screen><computeroutput>================================================================================
|
||||
Probing storage...
|
||||
Installation Destination
|
||||
|
||||
[x] 1) Virtio Block Device: 10.24 GB (vda)
|
||||
|
||||
1 disk selected; 10.24 GB capacity; 10.24 GB free ...
|
||||
|
||||
Please make your choice from above ['q' to quit | 'c' to continue |
|
||||
'r' to refresh]: c
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Autopartitioning Options
|
||||
|
||||
[ ] 1) Replace Existing Linux system(s)
|
||||
|
||||
[x] 2) Use All Space
|
||||
|
||||
[ ] 3) Use Free Space
|
||||
|
||||
Installation requires partitioning of your hard drive. Select what space to use
|
||||
for the install target.
|
||||
|
||||
Please make your choice from above ['q' to quit | 'c' to continue |
|
||||
'r' to refresh]: 2
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Autopartitioning Options
|
||||
|
||||
[ ] 1) Replace Existing Linux system(s)
|
||||
|
||||
[x] 2) Use All Space
|
||||
|
||||
[ ] 3) Use Free Space
|
||||
|
||||
Installation requires partitioning of your hard drive. Select what space to use
|
||||
for the install target.
|
||||
|
||||
Please make your choice from above ['q' to quit | 'c' to continue |
|
||||
'r' to refresh]: c
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Partition Scheme Options
|
||||
|
||||
[ ] 1) Standard Partition
|
||||
|
||||
[x] 2) LVM
|
||||
|
||||
[ ] 3) BTRFS
|
||||
|
||||
Select a partition scheme configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
Please make your choice from above ['q' to quit | 'c' to continue |
|
||||
'r' to refresh]: c
|
||||
Generating updated storage configuration
|
||||
Checking storage configuration...
|
||||
================================================================================</computeroutput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Run the following commands from the host to eject the disk and
|
||||
reboot using virsh, as root.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh attach-disk --type cdrom --mode readonly <replaceable>fedora-20</replaceable> "" hdc</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh destroy fedora-20</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh start fedora-20</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>You can also use the GUI to detach and reboot it by manually
|
||||
stopping and starting.</para></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Log in as root user when you boot for the first time after
|
||||
installation.</para></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Install and run the <literal>acpid</literal> service on the guest
|
||||
system to enable the virtual machine to reboot or shutdown an instance.</para>
|
||||
<para>Run the following commands inside the Fedora guest to install the
|
||||
ACPI service and configure it to start when the system boots:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install acpid</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>chkconfig acpid on</userinput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Install <literal>cloud-init</literal> package inside the Fedora
|
||||
guest by adding the EPEL repo:</para>
|
||||
<para>The <literal>cloud-init</literal> package automatically fetches
|
||||
the public key from the metadata server and places the key in an account.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>yum install cloud-init</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>You can change the name of the account used by <literal>cloud-init</literal>
|
||||
by editing the <filename>/etc/cloud/cloud.cfg</filename> file and
|
||||
adding a line with a different user. For example, to configure
|
||||
<literal>cloud-init</literal> to put the key in an account named
|
||||
admin, add this line to the configuration file:</para>
|
||||
<screen><computeroutput>user: admin</computeroutput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Disable the default <literal>zeroconf</literal> route for the
|
||||
instance to access the metadata service:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo "NOZEROCONF=yes" >> /etc/sysconfig/network</userinput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>For the <command>nova console-log</command> command to work
|
||||
properly on Fedora 20, you might need to add the following lines to
|
||||
the <filename>/boot/grub/menu.lst</filename> file:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting language='ini'>serial --unit=0 --speed=115200
|
||||
terminal --timeout=10 console serial
|
||||
# Edit the kernel line to add the console entries
|
||||
kernel ... console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8</programlisting></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Shut down the instance from inside the instance as a root user:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Clean up and remove MAC address details.</para>
|
||||
<para>The operating system records the MAC address of the virtual
|
||||
Ethernet card in locations such as <filename>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</filename>
|
||||
and <filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</filename>
|
||||
during the instance process. However, each time the image boots up,
|
||||
the virtual Ethernet card will have a different MAC address, so this
|
||||
information must be deleted from the configuration file.</para>
|
||||
<para>Use the <literal>virt-sysprep</literal> utility. This performs
|
||||
various cleanup tasks such as removing the MAC address references.
|
||||
It will clean up a virtual machine image in place:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-sysprep -d fedora-20</userinput></screen></step>
|
||||
<step><para>Undefine the domain since you no longer need to have this
|
||||
virtual machine image managed by libvirt:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh undefine fedora-20</userinput></screen></step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
<para>The underlying image file that you created with qemu-img create is
|
||||
ready to be uploaded to the Image service.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
@ -1,268 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE section [
|
||||
<!ENTITY % openstack SYSTEM "../common/entities/openstack.ent">
|
||||
%openstack;
|
||||
]>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="example-freebsd-image">
|
||||
<title>Example: FreeBSD image</title>
|
||||
<para>This example creates a minimal FreeBSD image that is
|
||||
compatible with OpenStack and
|
||||
<application>bsd-cloudinit</application>. The
|
||||
<application>bsd-cloudinit</application> program is
|
||||
independently maintained and in active development. The best
|
||||
source of information on the current state of the project is at
|
||||
<link xlink:href="http://pellaeon.github.io/bsd-cloudinit/"
|
||||
>http://pellaeon.github.io/bsd-cloudinit/</link>.</para>
|
||||
<para>KVM with virtio drivers is used as the virtualization platform
|
||||
because that is the most widely used among OpenStack operators. If
|
||||
you use a different platform for your cloud virtualization, use
|
||||
that same platform in the image creation step.</para>
|
||||
<para>This example shows how to create a FreeBSD 10 image. To create
|
||||
a FreeBSD 9.2 image, follow these steps with the noted
|
||||
differences.</para>
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<title>To create a FreeBSD image</title>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Make a virtual drive:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 freebsd.qcow2 1G</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>The minimum supported disk size for FreeBSD is 1 GB.
|
||||
Because the goal is to make the smallest possible base image,
|
||||
the example uses that minimum size. This size is sufficient to
|
||||
include the optional <literal>doc</literal>,
|
||||
<literal>games</literal>, and <literal>lib32</literal>
|
||||
collections. To include the <literal>ports</literal>
|
||||
collection, add another 1 GB. To include
|
||||
<literal>src</literal>, add 512 MB.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Get the installer ISO:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>curl ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases\
|
||||
/amd64/amd64/ISO-IMAGES/10.1/FreeBSD-10.1-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso >\
|
||||
FreeBSD-10.1-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Launch a VM on your local workstation. Use the same
|
||||
hypervisor, virtual disk, and virtual network drivers as you
|
||||
use in your production environment.</para>
|
||||
<para>The following command uses the minimum amount of RAM,
|
||||
which is 256 MB:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kvm -smp 1 -m 256 -cdrom FreeBSD-10.1-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso \
|
||||
-drive if=virtio,file=freebsd.qcow2 \
|
||||
-net nic,model=virtio -net user</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>You can specify up to 1 GB additional RAM to make the
|
||||
installation process run faster.</para>
|
||||
<para>This VM must also have Internet access to download
|
||||
packages.</para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>By using the same hypervisor, you can ensure that you
|
||||
emulate the same devices that exist in production. However,
|
||||
if you use full hardware virtualization instead of
|
||||
paravirtualization, you do not need to use the same
|
||||
hypervisor; you must use the same type of virtualized
|
||||
hardware because FreeBSD device names are related to their
|
||||
drivers. If the name of your root block device or primary
|
||||
network interface in production differs than the names used
|
||||
during image creation, errors can occur.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<para>You now have a VM that boots from the downloaded install
|
||||
ISO and is connected to the blank virtual disk that you
|
||||
created previously.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>To install the operating system, complete the following
|
||||
steps inside the VM:</para>
|
||||
<substeps>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>When prompted, choose to run the ISO in
|
||||
<guibutton>Install</guibutton> mode.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Accept the default keymap or select an appropriate
|
||||
mapping for your needs.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Provide a host name for your image. If you use
|
||||
<application>bsd-cloudinit</application>, it overrides
|
||||
this value with the name provided by OpenStack when an
|
||||
instance boots from this image.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>When prompted about the optional
|
||||
<literal>doc</literal>, <literal>games</literal>,
|
||||
<literal>lib32</literal>, <literal>ports</literal>, and
|
||||
<literal>src</literal> system components, select only
|
||||
those that you need. It is possible to have a fully
|
||||
functional installation without selecting additional
|
||||
components selected. As noted previously, a minimal system
|
||||
with a 1 GB virtual disk supports
|
||||
<literal>doc</literal>, <literal>games</literal>, and
|
||||
<literal>lib32</literal> inclusive. The
|
||||
<literal>ports</literal> collection requires at least
|
||||
1 GB additional space and possibly more if you plan
|
||||
to install many ports. The <literal>src</literal>
|
||||
collection requires an additional 512 MB.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Configure the primary network interface to use DHCP.
|
||||
In this example, which uses a virtio network device, this
|
||||
interface is named <literal>vtnet0</literal>.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Accept the default network mirror.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Set up disk partitioning.</para>
|
||||
<para>Disk partitioning is a critical element of the image
|
||||
creation process and the auto-generated default
|
||||
partitioning scheme does not work with
|
||||
<application>bsd-cloudinit</application> at this
|
||||
time.</para>
|
||||
<para>Because the default does not work, you must select
|
||||
manual partitioning. The partition editor should list only
|
||||
one block device. If you use virtio for the disk device
|
||||
driver, it is named <literal>vtbd0</literal>. Select this
|
||||
device and run the <command>create</command> command three
|
||||
times:</para>
|
||||
<orderedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Select <guibutton>Create</guibutton> to create a
|
||||
partition table. This action is the default when no
|
||||
partition table exists. Then, select <guilabel>GPT
|
||||
GUID Partition Table</guilabel> from the list. This
|
||||
choice is the default.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Create two partitions:<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>First partition: A 64 kB
|
||||
<literal>freebsd-boot</literal> partition with
|
||||
no mount point.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Second partition: A
|
||||
<literal>freebsd-ufs</literal> partition with
|
||||
a mount point of <filename>/</filename> with all
|
||||
remaining free space.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</orderedlist>
|
||||
<para>The following figure shows a completed partition table
|
||||
with a 1 GB virtual disk:</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/freebsd-partitions.png"
|
||||
format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
<para>Select <guibutton>Finish</guibutton> and then
|
||||
<guibutton>Commit</guibutton> to commit your
|
||||
changes.</para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>If you modify this example, the root partition,
|
||||
which is mounted on <filename>/</filename>, must be the
|
||||
last partition on the drive so that it can expand at run
|
||||
time to the disk size that your instance type provides.
|
||||
Also note that <application>bsd-cloudinit</application>
|
||||
currently has a hard-coded assumption that this is the
|
||||
second partition.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</substeps>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Select a root password.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Select the CMOS time zone.</para>
|
||||
<para>The virtualized CMOS almost always stores its time in UTC,
|
||||
so unless you know otherwise, select UTC.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Select the time zone appropriate to your
|
||||
environment.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>From the list of services to start on boot, you must
|
||||
select <systemitem class="service">ssh</systemitem>.
|
||||
Optionally, select other services.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Optionally, add users.</para>
|
||||
<para>You do not need to add users at this time. The
|
||||
<application>bsd-cloudinit</application> program adds a
|
||||
<literal>freebsd</literal> user account if one does not
|
||||
exist. The <systemitem class="service">ssh</systemitem> keys
|
||||
for this user are associated with OpenStack. To customize this
|
||||
user account, you can create it now. For example, you might
|
||||
want to customize the shell for the user.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Final config</para>
|
||||
<para>This menu enables you to update previous settings. Check
|
||||
that the settings are correct, and click
|
||||
<guibutton>exit</guibutton>.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>After you exit, you can open a shell to complete manual
|
||||
configuration steps. Select <guibutton>Yes</guibutton> to make
|
||||
a few OpenStack-specific changes:</para>
|
||||
<substeps>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Set up the console:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo 'console="comconsole,vidconsole"' >> /boot/loader.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>This sets console output to go to the serial console,
|
||||
which is displayed by <command>nova consolelog</command>,
|
||||
and the video console for sites with VNC or Spice
|
||||
configured.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Minimize boot delay:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo 'autoboot_delay="1"' >> /boot/loader.conf</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Download the latest
|
||||
<application>bsd-cloudinit-installer</application>. The
|
||||
download commands differ between FreeBSD 10.1 and 9.2
|
||||
because of differences in how the <command>fetch</command>
|
||||
command handles HTTPS URLs.</para>
|
||||
<para>In FreeBSD 10.1 the <command>fetch</command> command
|
||||
verifies SSL peers by default, so you need to install the
|
||||
<package>ca_root_nss</package> package that contains
|
||||
certificate authority root certificates and tell
|
||||
<command>fetch</command> where to find them. For FreeBSD
|
||||
10.1 run these commands:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>pkg install ca_root_nss</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>fetch --ca-cert=/usr/local/share/certs/ca-root-nss.crt \
|
||||
https://raw.github.com/pellaeon/bsd-cloudinit-installer/master/installer.sh</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>FreeBSD 9.2 <command>fetch</command> does not support
|
||||
peer-verification for https. For FreeBSD 9.2, run this
|
||||
command:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>fetch https://raw.github.com/pellaeon/bsd-cloudinit-installer/master/installer.sh</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Run the installer:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>sh ./installer.sh</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Issue this command to download and install the latest
|
||||
<package>bsd-cloudinit</package> package, and install the
|
||||
necessary prerequisites.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Install <package>sudo</package> and configure the
|
||||
<literal>freebsd</literal> user to have passwordless
|
||||
access:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>pkg install sudo</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>echo 'freebsd ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL' > /usr/local/etc/sudoers.d/10-cloudinit</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</substeps>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Power off the system:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="image-metadata">
|
||||
<title>Image metadata</title>
|
||||
<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
|
||||
<para>Image metadata can help end users determine the nature of an image, and is used by
|
||||
associated OpenStack components and drivers which interface with the Image service.</para>
|
||||
<para>Metadata can also determine the scheduling of hosts. If the <option>property</option> option
|
||||
is set on an image, and Compute is configured so that the
|
||||
<systemitem>ImagePropertiesFilter</systemitem> scheduler filter is enabled (default), then the
|
||||
scheduler only considers compute hosts that satisfy that property.</para>
|
||||
<note><para>Compute's <systemitem>ImagePropertiesFilter</systemitem> value is specified in the
|
||||
<option>scheduler_default_filter</option> value in the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/nova/nova.conf</filename> file.</para></note>
|
||||
<para>You can add metadata to Image service images by using the <parameter>--property
|
||||
<replaceable>key</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></parameter> parameter with the
|
||||
<command>glance image-create</command> or <command>glance image-update</command> command. More
|
||||
than one property can be specified. For example:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>glance image-update <replaceable>img-uuid</replaceable> --property architecture=arm --property hypervisor_type=qemu</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Common image properties are also specified in the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/glance/schema-image.json</filename> file. For a complete list of valid property
|
||||
keys and values, refer to the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/cli-reference/content/chapter_cli-glance-property.html"><citetitle>OpenStack
|
||||
Command-Line Reference</citetitle></link>.</para>
|
||||
<para>All associated properties for an image can be displayed using the <command>glance
|
||||
image-show</command> command. For example:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>glance image-show myCirrosImage</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput>+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
|
||||
| Property | Value |
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
|
||||
| Property 'base_image_ref' | 397e713c-b95b-4186-ad46-6126863ea0a9 |
|
||||
| Property 'image_location' | snapshot |
|
||||
| Property 'image_state' | available |
|
||||
| Property 'image_type' | snapshot |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_ephemeral_gb' | 0 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_flavorid' | 2 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_id' | 5 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_memory_mb' | 2048 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_name' | m1.small |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_root_gb' | 20 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_rxtx_factor' | 1 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_swap' | 0 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_vcpu_weight' | None |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_type_vcpus' | 1 |
|
||||
| Property 'instance_uuid' | 84c6e57d-a6b1-44b6-81eb-fcb36afd31b5 |
|
||||
| Property 'kernel_id' | df430cc2-3406-4061-b635-a51c16e488ac |
|
||||
| Property 'owner_id' | 66265572db174a7aa66eba661f58eb9e |
|
||||
| Property 'ramdisk_id' | 3cf852bd-2332-48f4-9ae4-7d926d50945e |
|
||||
| Property 'user_id' | 376744b5910b4b4da7d8e6cb483b06a8 |
|
||||
| checksum | 8e4838effa1969ad591655d6485c7ba8 |
|
||||
| container_format | ami |
|
||||
| created_at | 2013-07-22T19:45:58 |
|
||||
| deleted | False |
|
||||
| disk_format | ami |
|
||||
| id | 7e5142af-1253-4634-bcc6-89482c5f2e8a |
|
||||
| is_public | False |
|
||||
| min_disk | 0 |
|
||||
| min_ram | 0 |
|
||||
| name | myCirrosImage |
|
||||
| owner | 66265572db174a7aa66eba661f58eb9e |
|
||||
| protected | False |
|
||||
| size | 14221312 |
|
||||
| status | active |
|
||||
| updated_at | 2013-07-22T19:46:42 |
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<title>Volume-from-Image properties</title>
|
||||
<para>When creating Block Storage volumes from images, also consider your
|
||||
configured image properties. If you alter the core image properties, you
|
||||
should also update your Block Storage configuration. Amend
|
||||
<option>glance_core_properties</option> in the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/cinder/cinder.conf</filename> file on all controller
|
||||
nodes to match the core properties you have set in the Image
|
||||
service.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="image-formats">
|
||||
<title>Disk and container formats for images</title>
|
||||
<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
|
||||
<para>When you add an image to the Image service, you can specify
|
||||
its disk and container formats.</para>
|
||||
<section xml:id="disk-format">
|
||||
<title>Disk formats</title>
|
||||
<para>The disk format of a virtual machine image is the format
|
||||
of the underlying disk image. Virtual appliance vendors
|
||||
have different formats for laying out the information
|
||||
contained in a virtual machine disk image.</para>
|
||||
<para>Set the disk format for your image to one of the
|
||||
following values:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>raw</literal>: An unstructured disk
|
||||
image format; if you have a file without an
|
||||
extension it is possibly a raw format.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>vhd</literal>: The VHD disk format, a
|
||||
common disk format used by virtual machine
|
||||
monitors from VMware, Xen, Microsoft, VirtualBox,
|
||||
and others.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>vmdk</literal>: Common disk format
|
||||
supported by many common virtual machine
|
||||
monitors.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>vdi</literal>: Supported by VirtualBox
|
||||
virtual machine monitor and the QEMU
|
||||
emulator.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>iso</literal>: An archive format for
|
||||
the data contents of an optical disc, such as
|
||||
CD-ROM.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>qcow2</literal>: Supported by the QEMU
|
||||
emulator that can expand dynamically and supports
|
||||
Copy on Write.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>aki</literal>: An Amazon kernel
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>ari</literal>: An Amazon ramdisk
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>ami</literal>: An Amazon machine
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="container-format">
|
||||
<title>Container formats</title>
|
||||
<para>The container format indicates whether the virtual
|
||||
machine image is in a file format that also contains
|
||||
metadata about the actual virtual machine.</para>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>The Image service and other OpenStack projects do
|
||||
not currently support the container format. It is safe
|
||||
to specify <literal>bare</literal> as the container
|
||||
format if you are unsure.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<para>You can set the container format for your image to one
|
||||
of the following values:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>bare</literal>. The image does not have
|
||||
a container or metadata envelope.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>ovf</literal>. The OVF container
|
||||
format.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>aki</literal>. An Amazon kernel image.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>ari</literal>. An Amazon ramdisk
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>ami</literal>. An Amazon machine
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="ubuntu-image">
|
||||
<title>Example: Ubuntu image</title>
|
||||
<para>This example installs a Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty Tahr) image. To create an image for a
|
||||
different version of Ubuntu, follow these steps with the noted differences.</para>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Download an Ubuntu install ISO</title>
|
||||
<para>Because the goal is to make the smallest possible base image, this example uses the
|
||||
network installation ISO. The Ubuntu 64-bit 14.04 network installer ISO is at <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/mini.iso"
|
||||
>http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/mini.iso</link>.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Start the install process</title>
|
||||
<para>Start the installation process by using either <command>virt-manager</command> or
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command> as described in the previous section. If you use
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command>, do not forget to connect your VNC client to the
|
||||
virtual machine.</para>
|
||||
<para>Assume that the name of your virtual machine image is <literal>ubuntu-14.04</literal>,
|
||||
which you need to know when you use <command>virsh</command> commands to manipulate the
|
||||
state of the image.</para>
|
||||
<para>If you are using <command>virt-manager</command>, the commands should look something
|
||||
like this:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 /tmp/trusty.qcow2 10G</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-install --virt-type kvm --name trusty --ram 1024 \
|
||||
--cdrom=/data/isos/trusty-64-mini.iso \
|
||||
--disk /tmp/trusty.qcow2,format=qcow2 \
|
||||
--network network=default \
|
||||
--graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 --noautoconsole \
|
||||
--os-type=linux --os-variant=ubuntutrusty</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Step through the install</title>
|
||||
<para>At the initial Installer boot menu, choose the <guilabel>Install</guilabel> option.
|
||||
Step through the install prompts, the defaults should be fine.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/ubuntu-install.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Hostname</title>
|
||||
<para>The installer may ask you to choose a hostname. The default
|
||||
(<literal>ubuntu</literal>) is fine. We will install the cloud-init package later, which
|
||||
will set the hostname on boot when a new instance is provisioned using this
|
||||
image.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Select a mirror</title>
|
||||
<para>The default mirror proposed by the installer should be fine.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Step through the install</title>
|
||||
<para>Step through the install, using the default options. When prompted for a user name,
|
||||
the default (<systemitem class="username">ubuntu</systemitem>) is fine.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Partition the disks</title>
|
||||
<para>There are different options for partitioning the disks. The default installation will
|
||||
use LVM partitions, and will create three partitions (<filename>/boot</filename>,
|
||||
<filename>/</filename>, swap), and this will work fine. Alternatively, you may wish
|
||||
to create a single ext4 partition, mounted to "<literal>/</literal>", should also work
|
||||
fine.</para>
|
||||
<para>If unsure, we recommend you use the installer's default partition scheme, since there
|
||||
is no clear advantage to one scheme or another.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Automatic updates</title>
|
||||
<para>The Ubuntu installer will ask how you want to manage upgrades on your system. This
|
||||
option depends on your specific use case. If your virtual machine instances will be
|
||||
connected to the Internet, we recommend "Install security updates automatically".</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Software selection: OpenSSH server</title>
|
||||
<para>Choose "OpenSSH server" so that you will be able to SSH into the virtual machine when
|
||||
it launches inside of an OpenStack cloud.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/ubuntu-software-selection.png" format="PNG"
|
||||
contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Install GRUB boot loader</title>
|
||||
<para>Select "Yes" when asked about installing the GRUB boot loader to the master boot
|
||||
record.</para>
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/ubuntu-grub.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
<para>For more information on configuring Grub, see
|
||||
<xref linkend="write-to-console"/>.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Detach the CD-ROM and reboot</title>
|
||||
<para>Select the defaults for all of the remaining options. When the installation is
|
||||
complete, you will be prompted to remove the CD-ROM.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<mediaobject>
|
||||
<imageobject>
|
||||
<imagedata fileref="figures/ubuntu-finished.png" format="PNG" contentwidth="6in"/>
|
||||
</imageobject>
|
||||
</mediaobject>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>There is a known bug in Ubuntu 14.04; when you select
|
||||
"Continue", the virtual machine will shut down, even though
|
||||
it says it will reboot.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
<para>To eject a disk using <command>virsh</command>, libvirt requires that you attach an
|
||||
empty disk at the same target that the CDROM was previously attached, which should be
|
||||
<literal>hdc</literal>. You can confirm the appropriate target using the
|
||||
<command>virsh dumpxml <replaceable>vm-image</replaceable></command> command.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh dumpxml trusty</userinput>
|
||||
<computeroutput><domain type='kvm'>
|
||||
<name>trusty</name>
|
||||
...
|
||||
<disk type='block' device='cdrom'>
|
||||
<driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
|
||||
<target dev='hdc' bus='ide'/>
|
||||
<readonly/>
|
||||
<address type='drive' controller='0' bus='1' target='0' unit='0'/>
|
||||
</disk>
|
||||
...
|
||||
</domain>
|
||||
</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Run the following commands in the host as root to start up the machine again as
|
||||
paused, eject the disk and resume. If you are using virt-manager, you may use the GUI
|
||||
instead.</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh start trusty --paused</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh attach-disk --type cdrom --mode readonly trusty "" hdc</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh resume trusty</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>In the previous example, you paused the instance, ejected the disk, and
|
||||
unpaused the instance. In theory, you could have ejected the disk at the
|
||||
<guilabel>Installation complete</guilabel> screen. However, our testing
|
||||
indicates that the Ubuntu installer locks the drive so that it cannot be ejected at
|
||||
that point.</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Log in to newly created image</title>
|
||||
<para>When you boot for the first time after install, it may ask you about authentication
|
||||
tools, you can just choose 'Exit'. Then, log in as root using the root password you
|
||||
specified.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Install cloud-init</title>
|
||||
<para>The <command>cloud-init</command> script starts on instance boot and will search for a
|
||||
metadata provider to fetch a public key from. The public key will be placed in the
|
||||
default user account for the image.</para>
|
||||
<para>Install the <package>cloud-init</package> package:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>apt-get install cloud-init</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>When building Ubuntu images <command>cloud-init</command> must be explicitly
|
||||
configured for the metadata source in use. The OpenStack metadata server emulates the
|
||||
EC2 metadata service used by images in Amazon EC2.</para>
|
||||
<para>To set the metadata source to be used by the image run the
|
||||
<command>dpkg-reconfigure</command> command against the
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package> package. When prompted select the
|
||||
<literal>EC2</literal> data source:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>dpkg-reconfigure cloud-init</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>The account varies by distribution. On Ubuntu-based virtual machines, the account is
|
||||
called "ubuntu". On Fedora-based virtual machines, the account is called
|
||||
"ec2-user".</para>
|
||||
<para>You can change the name of the account used by cloud-init by editing the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/cloud/cloud.cfg</filename> file and adding a line with a different
|
||||
user. For example, to configure cloud-init to put the key in an account named "admin",
|
||||
edit the config file so it has the line:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>user: admin</programlisting>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Shut down the instance</title>
|
||||
<para>From inside the instance, as root:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>/sbin/shutdown -h now</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Clean up (remove MAC address details)</title>
|
||||
<para>The operating system records the MAC address of the virtual Ethernet card in locations
|
||||
such as <filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</filename> during the
|
||||
installation process. However, each time the image boots up, the virtual Ethernet card will
|
||||
have a different MAC address, so this information must be deleted from the configuration
|
||||
file.</para>
|
||||
<para>There is a utility called <command>virt-sysprep</command>, that performs various
|
||||
cleanup tasks such as removing the MAC address references. It will clean up a virtual
|
||||
machine image in place:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-sysprep -d trusty</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Undefine the libvirt domain</title>
|
||||
<para>Now that the image is ready to be uploaded to the Image service, you no longer need to
|
||||
have this virtual machine image managed by libvirt. Use the <command>virsh undefine
|
||||
<replaceable>vm-image</replaceable></command> command to inform libvirt:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virsh undefine trusty</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Image is complete</title>
|
||||
<para>The underlying image file that you created with <command>qemu-img create</command>,
|
||||
such as <filename>/tmp/trusty.qcow2</filename>, is now ready for uploading to the
|
||||
OpenStack Image service.</para>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE chapter [
|
||||
<!ENTITY % openstack SYSTEM "../common/entities/openstack.ent">
|
||||
%openstack;
|
||||
]>
|
||||
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
|
||||
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
|
||||
version="5.0"
|
||||
xml:id="windows-image">
|
||||
<title>Example: Microsoft Windows image</title>
|
||||
<para>This example creates a Windows Server 2012 qcow2 image, using
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command> and the KVM hypervisor.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<procedure>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Follow these steps to prepare the installation:</para>
|
||||
<substeps>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Download a Windows Server 2012 installation ISO. Evaluation
|
||||
images are available on <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-server-2012">the
|
||||
Microsoft website</link> (registration required).</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Download the signed VirtIO drivers ISO from the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Windows_Virtio_Drivers#Direct_download">Fedora
|
||||
website</link>.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Create a 15 GB qcow2 image:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 ws2012.qcow2 15G</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</substeps>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Start the Windows Server 2012 installation with the
|
||||
<command>virt-install</command> command:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>virt-install --connect qemu:///system \
|
||||
--name ws2012 --ram 2048 --vcpus 2 \
|
||||
--network network=default,model=virtio \
|
||||
--disk path=ws2012.qcow2,format=qcow2,device=disk,bus=virtio \
|
||||
--cdrom /path/to/en_windows_server_2012_x64_dvd.iso \
|
||||
--disk path=/path/to/virtio-win-0.1-XX.iso,device=cdrom \
|
||||
--vnc --os-type windows --os-variant win2k8</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Use <command>virt-manager</command> or
|
||||
<command>virt-viewer</command> to connect to the VM and start the
|
||||
Windows installation.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Enable the VirtIO drivers.</para>
|
||||
<para>The disk is not detected by default by the Windows installer. When
|
||||
requested to choose an installation target, click <guibutton>Load
|
||||
driver</guibutton> and browse the file system to select the
|
||||
<filename>E:\WIN8\AMD64</filename> folder. The Windows installer
|
||||
displays a list of drivers to install. Select the VirtIO SCSI and
|
||||
network drivers, and continue the installation.</para>
|
||||
<para>Once the installation is completed, the VM restarts. Define a
|
||||
password for the administrator when prompted.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Log in as administrator and start a command window.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Complete the VirtIO drivers installation by running the
|
||||
following command:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>C:\</prompt><userinput>pnputil -i -a E:\WIN8\AMD64\*.INF</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>To allow <glossterm>Cloudbase-Init</glossterm> to run scripts
|
||||
during an instance boot, set the PowerShell execution policy to be
|
||||
unrestricted:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>C:\</prompt><userinput>powershell</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>C:\</prompt><userinput>Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
<step>
|
||||
<para>Download and install Cloudbase-Init:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>C:\</prompt><userinput>Invoke-WebRequest -UseBasicParsing http://www.cloudbase.it/downloads/CloudbaseInitSetup_Stable_x64.msi -OutFile cloudbaseinit.msi</userinput>
|
||||
<prompt>C:\</prompt><userinput>.\cloudbaseinit.msi</userinput></screen>
|
||||
<para>In the <guilabel>configuration options</guilabel> window, change the following settings:</para>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Username: <literal>Administrator</literal></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Network adapter to configure:
|
||||
<literal>Red Hat VirtIO Ethernet Adapter</literal></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Serial port for logging: <literal>COM1</literal></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
<para>When the installation is done, in the <guilabel>Complete the
|
||||
Cloudbase-Init Setup Wizard</guilabel> window, select the
|
||||
<guilabel>Run Sysprep</guilabel> and <guilabel>Shutdown</guilabel>
|
||||
check boxes and click <guibutton>Finish</guibutton>.</para>
|
||||
<para>Wait for the machine shutdown.</para>
|
||||
</step>
|
||||
</procedure>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Your image is ready to upload to the Image service:</para>
|
||||
<screen><prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>glance image-create --name WS2012 --disk-format qcow2 \
|
||||
--container-format bare --is-public true \
|
||||
--file ws2012.qcow2</userinput></screen>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 75 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 75 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 25 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 25 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 544 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 544 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 28 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 28 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 29 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 29 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 6.7 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 6.7 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 33 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 33 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 38 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 38 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 20 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 20 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 45 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 45 KiB |
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 30 KiB After Width: | Height: | Size: 30 KiB |
@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ Abstract
|
||||
This guide describes how to obtain, create, and modify virtual
|
||||
machine images that are compatible with OpenStack.
|
||||
|
||||
.. warning:: This guide is a work-in-progress.
|
||||
|
||||
Contents
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
0
doc/image-guide/source/locale/image-guide.pot
Normal file
0
doc/image-guide/source/locale/image-guide.pot
Normal file
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
|
||||
<module>cli-reference</module>
|
||||
<module>config-reference</module>
|
||||
<module>glossary</module>
|
||||
<module>image-guide</module>
|
||||
</modules>
|
||||
<profiles>
|
||||
<profile>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ if [[ $# > 0 ]] ; then
|
||||
fi
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
for guide in user-guide user-guide-admin networking-guide admin-guide-cloud contributor-guide; do
|
||||
for guide in user-guide user-guide-admin networking-guide admin-guide-cloud \
|
||||
contributor-guide image-guide; do
|
||||
tools/build-rst.sh doc/$guide $GLOSSARY --build build \
|
||||
--target $guide $LINKCHECK
|
||||
# Build it only the first time
|
||||
@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ for guide in user-guide user-guide-admin networking-guide admin-guide-cloud cont
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
# Draft guides
|
||||
for guide in arch-design-rst config-ref-rst image-guide-rst; do
|
||||
for guide in arch-design-rst config-ref-rst; do
|
||||
tools/build-rst.sh doc/$guide --build build \
|
||||
--target "draft/$guide" $LINKCHECK
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ redirect 301 /admin-guide-cloud/content/customize-flavors.html /admin-guide-clou
|
||||
redirectmatch 301 "^/user-guide/content/.*$" /user-guide/index.html
|
||||
redirectmatch 301 "^/user-guide-admin/content/.*" /user-guide-admin/index.html
|
||||
redirectmatch 301 "^/admin-guide-cloud/content/.*$" /admin-guide-cloud/index.html
|
||||
redirectmatch 301 "^/image-guide/content/.*$" /image-guide/index.html
|
||||
|
||||
# Hot-guide has moved to heat repo
|
||||
redirect 301 /user-guide/hot-guide/hot.html /developer/heat/template_guide/hot_guide.html
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user