Multi-site OpenStack cloud deployment using regions requires that the service catalog contains per-region entries for each service deployed other than the Identity service. Most off-the-shelf OpenStack deployment tools have limited support for defining multiple regions in this fashion. Deployers should be aware of this and provide the appropriate customization of the service catalog for their site either manually, or by customizing deployment tools in use. As of the Kilo release, documentation for implementing this feature is in progress. See this bug for more information: https://bugs.launchpad.net/openstack-manuals/+bug/1340509.

Multi-site OpenStack deployments present additional licensing considerations over and above regular OpenStack clouds, particularly where site licenses are in use to provide cost efficient access to software licenses. The licensing for host operating systems, guest operating systems, OpenStack distributions (if applicable), software-defined infrastructure including network controllers and storage systems, and even individual applications need to be evaluated. Topics to consider include: The definition of what constitutes a site in the relevant licenses, as the term does not necessarily denote a geographic or otherwise physically isolated location. Differentiations between "hot" (active) and "cold" (inactive) sites, where significant savings may be made in situations where one site is a cold standby for disaster recovery purposes only. Certain locations might require local vendors to provide support and services for each site which may vary with the licensing agreement in place.

Logging and monitoring does not significantly differ for a multi-site OpenStack cloud. The tools described in the Logging and monitoring chapter of the Operations Guide remain applicable. Logging and monitoring can be provided on a per-site basis, and in a common centralized location. When attempting to deploy logging and monitoring facilities to a centralized location, care must be taken with the load placed on the inter-site networking links.

In multi-site OpenStack clouds deployed using regions, sites are independent OpenStack installations which are linked together using shared centralized services such as OpenStack Identity. At a high level the recommended order of operations to upgrade an individual OpenStack environment is (see the Upgrades chapter of the Operations Guide for details): Upgrade the OpenStack Identity service (keystone). Upgrade the OpenStack Image service (glance). Upgrade OpenStack Compute (nova), including networking components. Upgrade OpenStack Block Storage (cinder). Upgrade the OpenStack dashboard (horizon). The process for upgrading a multi-site environment is not significantly different: Upgrade the shared OpenStack Identity service (keystone) deployment. Upgrade the OpenStack Image service (glance) at each site. Upgrade OpenStack Compute (nova), including networking components, at each site. Upgrade OpenStack Block Storage (cinder) at each site. Upgrade the OpenStack dashboard (horizon), at each site or in the single central location if it is shared. Compute upgrades within each site can also be performed in a rolling fashion. Compute controller services (API, Scheduler, and Conductor) can be upgraded prior to upgrading of individual compute nodes. This allows operations staff to keep a site operational for users of Compute services while performing an upgrade.

Quotas are used to set operational limits to prevent system capacities from being exhausted without notification. They are currently enforced at the tenant (or project) level rather than at the user level. Quotas are defined on a per-region basis. Operators can define identical quotas for tenants in each region of the cloud to provide a consistent experience, or even create a process for synchronizing allocated quotas across regions. It is important to note that only the operational limits imposed by the quotas will be aligned consumption of quotas by users will not be reflected between regions. For example, given a cloud with two regions, if the operator grants a user a quota of 25 instances in each region then that user may launch a total of 50 instances spread across both regions. They may not, however, launch more than 25 instances in any single region. For more information on managing quotas refer to the Managing projects and users chapter of the OpenStack Operators Guide.

OpenStack provides a default set of Role Based Access Control (RBAC) policies, defined in a policy.json file, for each service. Operators edit these files to customize the policies for their OpenStack installation. If the application of consistent RBAC policies across sites is a requirement, then it is necessary to ensure proper synchronization of the policy.json files to all installations. This must be done using system administration tools such as rsync as functionality for synchronizing policies across regions is not currently provided within OpenStack.

Users must be able to leverage cloud infrastructure and provision new resources in the environment. It is important that user documentation is accessible by users to ensure they are given sufficient information to help them leverage the cloud. As an example, by default OpenStack schedules instances on a compute node automatically. However, when multiple regions are available, the end user needs to decide in which region to schedule the new instance. The dashboard presents the user with the first region in your configuration. The API and CLI tools do not execute commands unless a valid region is specified. It is therefore important to provide documentation to your users describing the region layout as well as calling out that quotas are region-specific. If a user reaches his or her quota in one region, OpenStack does not automatically build new instances in another. Documenting specific examples helps users understand how to operate the cloud, thereby reducing calls and tickets filed with the help desk.