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Lay of the Land
This chapter helps you set up your working environment and use it to take a look around your cloud.
Using the OpenStack Dashboard for Administration
As a cloud administrative user, you can use the OpenStack dashboard
to create and manage projects, users, images, and flavors. Users are
allowed to create and manage images within specified projects and to
share images, depending on the Image service configuration. Typically,
the policy configuration allows admin users only to set quotas and
create and manage services. The dashboard provides an Admin tab with a System Panel and an
Identity tab.
These interfaces give you access to system information and usage as well
as to settings for configuring what end users can do. Refer to the OpenStack
Administrator Guide for detailed how-to information about using the
dashboard as an admin user.
Command-Line Tools
We recommend using a combination of the OpenStack command-line interface (CLI) tools and the OpenStack dashboard for administration. Some users with a background in other cloud technologies may be using the EC2 Compatibility API, which uses naming conventions somewhat different from the native API. We highlight those differences.
We strongly suggest that you install the command-line clients from the Python Package Index (PyPI) instead of from the distribution packages. The clients are under heavy development, and it is very likely at any given time that the version of the packages distributed by your operating-system vendor are out of date.
The pip utility is used to manage package installation from the PyPI archive and is available in the python-pip package in most Linux distributions. Each OpenStack project has its own client, so depending on which services your site runs, install some or all of the following packages:
- python-novaclient (
novaCLI) - python-glanceclient (
glanceCLI) - python-keystoneclient (
keystoneCLI) - python-cinderclient (
cinderCLI) - python-swiftclient (
swiftCLI) - python-neutronclient (
neutronCLI)
Installing the Tools
To install (or upgrade) a package from the PyPI archive with pip, command-line tools installingas root:
# pip install [--upgrade] <package-name>To remove the package:
# pip uninstall <package-name>If you need even newer versions of the clients, pip can install
directly from the upstream git repository using the -e flag. You must specify
a name for the Python egg that is installed. For example:
# pip install -e git+https://git.openstack.org/openstack/python-novaclient#egg=python-novaclientIf you support the EC2 API on your cloud, you should also install the euca2ools package or some other EC2 API tool so that you can get the same view your users have. Using EC2 API-based tools is mostly out of the scope of this guide, though we discuss getting credentials for use with it.
Administrative Command-Line Tools
There are also several *-manage command-line tools. These are installed
with the project's services on the cloud controller and do not need to
be installed*-manage command-line toolscommand-line tools administrative
separately:
glance-managekeystone-managecinder-manage
Unlike the CLI tools mentioned above, the *-manage tools must be
run from the cloud controller, as root, because they need read access to
the config files such as /etc/nova/nova.conf and to make
queries directly against the database rather than against the OpenStack
API endpoints <API endpoint>.
Warning
The existence of the *-manage tools is a legacy issue.
It is a goal of the OpenStack project to eventually migrate all of the
remaining functionality in the *-manage tools into the
API-based tools. Until that day, you need to SSH into the cloud controller node to
perform some maintenance operations that require one of the
*-manage tools.
Getting Credentials
You must have the appropriate credentials if you want to use the
command-line tools to make queries against your OpenStack cloud. By far,
the easiest way to obtain authentication credentials to use with command-line
clients is to use the OpenStack dashboard. Select Project, click the Project tab, and click
Access & Security on the Compute category. On the
Access & Security page, click the API Access tab to
display two buttons, Download OpenStack RC File and Download EC2 Credentials, which let you generate
files that you can source in your shell to populate the environment
variables the command-line tools require to know where your service
endpoints and your authentication information are. The user you logged
in to the dashboard dictates the filename for the openrc file, such as
demo-openrc.sh. When logged in as admin, the file is named
admin-openrc.sh.
The generated file looks something like this:
#!/bin/bash
# With the addition of Keystone, to use an openstack cloud you should
# authenticate against keystone, which returns a **Token** and **Service
# Catalog**. The catalog contains the endpoint for all services the
# user/tenant has access to--including nova, glance, keystone, swift.
#
# *NOTE*: Using the 2.0 *auth api* does not mean that compute api is 2.0.
# We use the 1.1 *compute api*
export OS_AUTH_URL=http://203.0.113.10:5000/v2.0
# With the addition of Keystone we have standardized on the term **tenant**
# as the entity that owns the resources.
export OS_TENANT_ID=98333aba48e756fa8f629c83a818ad57
export OS_TENANT_NAME="test-project"
# In addition to the owning entity (tenant), openstack stores the entity
# performing the action as the **user**.
export OS_USERNAME=demo
# With Keystone you pass the keystone password.
echo "Please enter your OpenStack Password: "
read -s OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_PASSWORD=$OS_PASSWORD_INPUTWarning
This does not save your password in plain text, which is a good
thing. But when you source or run the script, it prompts you for your
password and then stores your response in the environment variable
OS_PASSWORD. It is important to note that this does require
interactivity. It is possible to store a value directly in the script if
you require a noninteractive operation, but you then need to be
extremely cautious with the security and permissions of this file.
EC2 compatibility credentials can be downloaded by selecting Project, then Compute, then Access & Security,
then API Access to
display the Download EC2 Credentials button. Click the button
to generate a ZIP file with server x509 certificates and a shell script
fragment. Create a new directory in a secure location because these are
live credentials containing all the authentication information required
to access your cloud identity, unlike the default
user-openrc. Extract the ZIP file here. You should have
cacert.pem, cert.pem, ec2rc.sh,
and pk.pem. The ec2rc.sh is similar to
this:
#!/bin/bash
NOVARC=$(readlink -f "${BASH_SOURCE:-${0}}" 2>/dev/null) ||\
NOVARC=$(python -c 'import os,sys; \
print os.path.abspath(os.path.realpath(sys.argv[1]))' "${BASH_SOURCE:-${0}}")
NOVA_KEY_DIR=${NOVARC%/*}
export EC2_ACCESS_KEY=df7f93ec47e84ef8a347bbb3d598449a
export EC2_SECRET_KEY=ead2fff9f8a344e489956deacd47e818
export EC2_URL=http://203.0.113.10:8773/services/Cloud
export EC2_USER_ID=42 # nova does not use user id, but bundling requires it
export EC2_PRIVATE_KEY=${NOVA_KEY_DIR}/pk.pem
export EC2_CERT=${NOVA_KEY_DIR}/cert.pem
export NOVA_CERT=${NOVA_KEY_DIR}/cacert.pem
export EUCALYPTUS_CERT=${NOVA_CERT} # euca-bundle-image seems to require this
alias ec2-bundle-image="ec2-bundle-image --cert $EC2_CERT --privatekey \
$EC2_PRIVATE_KEY --user 42 --ec2cert $NOVA_CERT"
alias ec2-upload-bundle="ec2-upload-bundle -a $EC2_ACCESS_KEY -s \
$EC2_SECRET_KEY --url $S3_URL --ec2cert $NOVA_CERT"To put the EC2 credentials into your environment, source the
ec2rc.sh file.
Inspecting API Calls
The command-line tools can be made to show the OpenStack API calls
they make by passing the --debug flag to them. For example:
# nova --debug listThis example shows the HTTP requests from the client and the responses from the endpoints, which can be helpful in creating custom tools written to the OpenStack API.
Using cURL for further inspection
Underlying the use of the command-line tools is the OpenStack API, which is a RESTful API that runs over HTTP. There may be cases where you want to interact with the API directly or need to use it because of a suspected bug in one of the CLI tools. The best way to do this is to use a combination of cURL and another tool, such as jq, to parse the JSON from the responses.
The first thing you must do is authenticate with the cloud using your
credentials to get an authentication token.
Your credentials are a combination of username, password, and tenant
(project). You can extract these values from the openrc.sh
discussed above. The token allows you to interact with your other
service endpoints without needing to reauthenticate for every request.
Tokens are typically good for 24 hours, and when the token expires, you
are alerted with a 401 (Unauthorized) response and you can request
another token.
Look at your OpenStack service
catalog:$ curl -s -X POST http://203.0.113.10:35357/v2.0/tokens \ -d '{"auth": {"passwordCredentials": {"username":"test-user", \ "password":"test-password"}, \ "tenantName":"test-project"}}' \ -H "Content-type: application/json" | jq .Read through the JSON response to get a feel for how the catalog is laid out.
To make working with subsequent requests easier, store the token in an environment variable:
$ TOKEN=`curl -s -X POST http://203.0.113.10:35357/v2.0/tokens \ -d '{"auth": {"passwordCredentials": {"username":"test-user", \ "password":"test-password"}, \ "tenantName":"test-project"}}' \ -H "Content-type: application/json" | jq -r .access.token.id`Now you can refer to your token on the command line as
$TOKEN.Pick a service endpoint from your service catalog, such as compute. Try a request, for example, listing instances (servers):
$ curl -s \ -H "X-Auth-Token: $TOKEN" \ http://203.0.113.10:8774/v2/98333aba48e756fa8f629c83a818ad57/servers | jq .
To discover how API requests should be structured, read the OpenStack API Reference. To chew through the responses using jq, see the jq Manual.
The -s flag used in the cURL commands above are used to
prevent the progress meter from being shown. If you are having trouble
running cURL commands, you'll want to remove it. Likewise, to help you
troubleshoot cURL commands, you can include the -v flag to
show you the verbose output. There are many more extremely useful
features in cURL; refer to the man page for all the options.
Servers and Services
As an administrator, you have a few ways to discover what your OpenStack cloud looks like simply by using the OpenStack tools available. This section gives you an idea of how to get an overview of your cloud, its shape, size, and current state.
First, you can discover what servers belong to your OpenStack cloud by running:
# nova service-listThe output looks like the following:
+----+------------------+-------------------+------+---------+-------+----------------------------+-----------------+
| Id | Binary | Host | Zone | Status | State | Updated_at | Disabled Reason |
+----+------------------+-------------------+------+---------+-------+----------------------------+-----------------+
| 1 | nova-cert | cloud.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 2 | nova-compute | c01.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 3 | nova-compute | c01.example.com. | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 4 | nova-compute | c01.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 5 | nova-compute | c01.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 6 | nova-compute | c01.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 7 | nova-conductor | cloud.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 8 | nova-cert | cloud.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:42.000000 | - |
| 9 | nova-scheduler | cloud.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:38.000000 | - |
| 10 | nova-consoleauth | cloud.example.com | nova | enabled | up | 2016-01-05T17:20:35.000000 | - |
+----+------------------+-------------------+------+---------+-------+----------------------------+-----------------+The output shows that there are five compute nodes and one cloud controller. You see all the services in the up state, which indicates that the services are up and running. If a service is in a down state, it is no longer available. This is an indication that you should troubleshoot why the service is down.
If you are using cinder, run the following command to see a similar listing:
# cinder-manage host list | sort
host zone
c01.example.com nova
c02.example.com nova
c03.example.com nova
c04.example.com nova
c05.example.com nova
cloud.example.com novaWith these two tables, you now have a good overview of what servers and services make up your cloud.
You can also use the Identity service (keystone) to see what services are available in your cloud as well as what endpoints have been configured for the services.
The following command requires you to have your shell environment configured with the proper administrative variables:
$ openstack catalog list
+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Name | Type | Endpoints |
+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nova | compute | RegionOne |
| | | publicURL: http://192.168.122.10:8774/v2/9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e |
| | | internalURL: http://192.168.122.10:8774/v2/9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e |
| | | adminURL: http://192.168.122.10:8774/v2/9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e |
| | | |
| cinderv2 | volumev2 | RegionOne |
| | | publicURL: http://192.168.122.10:8776/v2/9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e |
| | | internalURL: http://192.168.122.10:8776/v2/9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e |
| | | adminURL: http://192.168.122.10:8776/v2/9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e |
| | | |The preceding output has been truncated to show only two services. You will see one service entry for each service that your cloud provides. Note how the endpoint domain can be different depending on the endpoint type. Different endpoint domains per type are not required, but this can be done for different reasons, such as endpoint privacy or network traffic segregation.
You can find the version of the Compute installation by using the nova client command:
# nova version-listDiagnose Your Compute Nodes
You can obtain extra information about virtual machines that are
running—their CPU usage, the memory, the disk I/O or network I/O—per
instance, by running the nova diagnostics command with a server ID:
$ nova diagnostics <serverID>The output of this command varies depending on the hypervisor because hypervisors support different attributes. The following demonstrates the difference between the two most popular hypervisors. Here is example output when the hypervisor is Xen:
+----------------+-----------------+
| Property | Value |
+----------------+-----------------+
| cpu0 | 4.3627 |
| memory | 1171088064.0000 |
| memory_target | 1171088064.0000 |
| vbd_xvda_read | 0.0 |
| vbd_xvda_write | 0.0 |
| vif_0_rx | 3223.6870 |
| vif_0_tx | 0.0 |
| vif_1_rx | 104.4955 |
| vif_1_tx | 0.0 |
+----------------+-----------------+While the command should work with any hypervisor that is controlled through libvirt (KVM, QEMU, or LXC), it has been tested only with KVM. Here is the example output when the hypervisor is KVM:
+------------------+------------+
| Property | Value |
+------------------+------------+
| cpu0_time | 2870000000 |
| memory | 524288 |
| vda_errors | -1 |
| vda_read | 262144 |
| vda_read_req | 112 |
| vda_write | 5606400 |
| vda_write_req | 376 |
| vnet0_rx | 63343 |
| vnet0_rx_drop | 0 |
| vnet0_rx_errors | 0 |
| vnet0_rx_packets | 431 |
| vnet0_tx | 4905 |
| vnet0_tx_drop | 0 |
| vnet0_tx_errors | 0 |
| vnet0_tx_packets | 45 |
+------------------+------------+Network Inspection
To see which fixed IP networks are configured in your cloud, you can
use the nova
command-line client to get the IP ranges:
$ nova network-list
+--------------------------------------+--------+--------------+
| ID | Label | Cidr |
+--------------------------------------+--------+--------------+
| 3df67919-9600-4ea8-952e-2a7be6f70774 | test01 | 10.1.0.0/24 |
| 8283efb2-e53d-46e1-a6bd-bb2bdef9cb9a | test02 | 10.1.1.0/24 |
+--------------------------------------+--------+--------------+The nova command-line client can provide some additional details:
# nova network-list
id IPv4 IPv6 start address DNS1 DNS2 VlanID project uuid
1 10.1.0.0/24 None 10.1.0.3 None None 300 2725bbd beacb3f2
2 10.1.1.0/24 None 10.1.1.3 None None 301 none d0b1a796This output shows that two networks are configured, each network containing 255 IPs (a /24 subnet). The first network has been assigned to a certain project, while the second network is still open for assignment. You can assign this network manually; otherwise, it is automatically assigned when a project launches its first instance.
To find out whether any floating IPs are available in your cloud, run:
# nova floating-ip-list
2725bb...59f43f 1.2.3.4 None nova vlan20
None 1.2.3.5 48a415...b010ff nova vlan20Here, two floating IPs are available. The first has been allocated to a project, while the other is unallocated.
Users and Projects
To see a list of projects that have been added to the cloud, run:
$ openstack project list
+----------------------------------+--------------------+
| ID | Name |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+
| 422c17c0b26f4fbe9449f37a5621a5e6 | alt_demo |
| 5dc65773519248f3a580cfe28ba7fa3f | demo |
| 9faa845768224258808fc17a1bb27e5e | admin |
| a733070a420c4b509784d7ea8f6884f7 | invisible_to_admin |
| aeb3e976e7794f3f89e4a7965db46c1e | service |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+To see a list of users, run:
$ openstack user list
+----------------------------------+----------+
| ID | Name |
+----------------------------------+----------+
| 5837063598694771aedd66aa4cddf0b8 | demo |
| 58efd9d852b74b87acc6efafaf31b30e | cinder |
| 6845d995a57a441f890abc8f55da8dfb | glance |
| ac2d15a1205f46d4837d5336cd4c5f5a | alt_demo |
| d8f593c3ae2b47289221f17a776a218b | admin |
| d959ec0a99e24df0b7cb106ff940df20 | nova |
+----------------------------------+----------+Note
Sometimes a user and a group have a one-to-one mapping. This happens for standard system accounts, such as cinder, glance, nova, and swift, or when only one user is part of a group.
Running Instances
To see a list of running instances, run:
$ nova list --all-tenants
+-----+------------------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
| ID | Name | Status | Networks |
+-----+------------------+--------+-------------------------------------------+
| ... | Windows | ACTIVE | novanetwork_1=10.1.1.3, 199.116.232.39 |
| ... | cloud controller | ACTIVE | novanetwork_0=10.1.0.6; jtopjian=10.1.2.3 |
| ... | compute node 1 | ACTIVE | novanetwork_0=10.1.0.4; jtopjian=10.1.2.4 |
| ... | devbox | ACTIVE | novanetwork_0=10.1.0.3 |
| ... | devstack | ACTIVE | novanetwork_0=10.1.0.5 |
| ... | initial | ACTIVE | nova_network=10.1.7.4, 10.1.8.4 |
| ... | lorin-head | ACTIVE | nova_network=10.1.7.3, 10.1.8.3 |
+-----+------------------+--------+-------------------------------------------+Unfortunately, this command does not tell you various details about the running instances, such as what compute node the instance is running on, what flavor the instance is, and so on. You can use the following command to view details about individual instances:
$ nova show <uuid>For example:
# nova show 81db556b-8aa5-427d-a95c-2a9a6972f630
+-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Property | Value |
+-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| OS-DCF:diskConfig | MANUAL |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:host | c02.example.com |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:hypervisor_hostname | c02.example.com |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:instance_name | instance-00000029 |
| OS-EXT-STS:power_state | 1 |
| OS-EXT-STS:task_state | None |
| OS-EXT-STS:vm_state | active |
| accessIPv4 | |
| accessIPv6 | |
| config_drive | |
| created | 2013-02-13T20:08:36Z |
| flavor | m1.small (6) |
| hostId | ... |
| id | ... |
| image | Ubuntu 12.04 cloudimg amd64 (...) |
| key_name | jtopjian-sandbox |
| metadata | {} |
| name | devstack |
| novanetwork_0 network | 10.1.0.5 |
| progress | 0 |
| security_groups | [{u'name': u'default'}] |
| status | ACTIVE |
| tenant_id | ... |
| updated | 2013-02-13T20:08:59Z |
| user_id | ... |
+-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+This output shows that an instance named devstack was
created from an Ubuntu 12.04 image using a flavor of
m1.small and is hosted on the compute node
c02.example.com.
Summary
We hope you have enjoyed this quick tour of your working environment, including how to interact with your cloud and extract useful information. From here, you can use the OpenStack Administrator Guide as your reference for all of the command-line functionality in your cloud.