openstack-manuals/doc/admin-guide/source/networking-introduction.rst

Introduction to Networking

The Networking service, code-named neutron, provides an API that lets you define network connectivity and addressing in the cloud. The Networking service enables operators to leverage different networking technologies to power their cloud networking. The Networking service also provides an API to configure and manage a variety of network services ranging from L3 forwarding and NAT to load balancing, edge firewalls, and IPsec VPN.

For a detailed description of the Networking API abstractions and their attributes, see the OpenStack Networking API v2.0 Reference.

Note

If you use the Networking service, do not run the Compute nova-network service (like you do in traditional Compute deployments). When you configure networking, see the Compute-related topics in this Networking section.

Networking API

Networking is a virtual network service that provides a powerful API to define the network connectivity and IP addressing that devices from other services, such as Compute, use.

The Compute API has a virtual server abstraction to describe computing resources. Similarly, the Networking API has virtual network, subnet, and port abstractions to describe networking resources.

Resource	Description
Network	An isolated L2 segment, analogous to VLAN in the physical networking world.
Subnet	A block of v4 or v6 IP addresses and associated configuration state.
Port	A connection point for attaching a single device, such as the NIC of a virtual server, to a virtual network. Also describes the associated network configuration, such as the MAC and IP addresses to be used on that port.

Networking resources

To configure rich network topologies, you can create and configure networks and subnets and instruct other OpenStack services like Compute to attach virtual devices to ports on these networks.

In particular, Networking supports each project having multiple private networks and enables projects to choose their own IP addressing scheme, even if those IP addresses overlap with those that other projects use.

The Networking service:

• Enables advanced cloud networking use cases, such as building multi-tiered web applications and enabling migration of applications to the cloud without changing IP addresses.
• Offers flexibility for administrators to customize network offerings.
• Enables developers to extend the Networking API. Over time, the extended functionality becomes part of the core Networking API.

Configure SSL support for networking API

OpenStack Networking supports SSL for the Networking API server. By default, SSL is disabled but you can enable it in the neutron.conf file.

Set these options to configure SSL:

use_ssl = True

Enables SSL on the networking API server.

ssl_cert_file = PATH_TO_CERTFILE

Certificate file that is used when you securely start the Networking API server.

ssl_key_file = PATH_TO_KEYFILE

Private key file that is used when you securely start the Networking API server.

ssl_ca_file = PATH_TO_CAFILE

Optional. CA certificate file that is used when you securely start the Networking API server. This file verifies connecting clients. Set this option when API clients must authenticate to the API server by using SSL certificates that are signed by a trusted CA.

tcp_keepidle = 600

The value of TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds, for each server socket when starting the API server. Not supported on OS X.

retry_until_window = 30

Number of seconds to keep retrying to listen.

backlog = 4096

Number of backlog requests with which to configure the socket.

Load-Balancer-as-a-Service (LBaaS) overview

Load-Balancer-as-a-Service (LBaaS) enables Networking to distribute incoming requests evenly among designated instances. This distribution ensures that the workload is shared predictably among instances and enables more effective use of system resources. Use one of these load balancing methods to distribute incoming requests:

Round robin

Rotates requests evenly between multiple instances.

Source IP

Requests from a unique source IP address are consistently directed to the same instance.

Least connections

Allocates requests to the instance with the least number of active connections.

Feature	Description
Monitors	LBaaS provides availability monitoring with the ping, TCP, HTTP and HTTPS GET methods. Monitors are implemented to determine whether pool members are available to handle requests.
Management	LBaaS is managed using a variety of tool sets. The REST API is available for programmatic administration and scripting. Users perform administrative management of load balancers through either the CLI (neutron) or the OpenStack Dashboard.
Connection limits	Ingress traffic can be shaped with connection limits. This feature allows workload control, and can also assist with mitigating DoS (Denial of Service) attacks.
Session persistence	LBaaS supports session persistence by ensuring incoming requests are routed to the same instance within a pool of multiple instances. LBaaS supports routing decisions based on cookies and source IP address.

Firewall-as-a-Service (FWaaS) overview

The Firewall-as-a-Service (FWaaS) plug-in adds perimeter firewall management to Networking. FWaaS uses iptables to apply firewall policy to all Networking routers within a project. FWaaS supports one firewall policy and logical firewall instance per project.

Whereas security groups operate at the instance-level, FWaaS operates at the perimeter to filter traffic at the neutron router.

The example diagram illustrates the flow of ingress and egress traffic for the VM2 instance:

Enable FWaaS

FWaaS management options are also available in the Dashboard.

1. Enable the FWaaS plug-in in the /etc/neutron/neutron.conf file:

   service_plugins = firewall
   [service_providers]
   ...
   service_provider = FIREWALL:Iptables:neutron.agent.linux.iptables_
   firewall.OVSHybridIptablesFirewallDriver:default
   
   [fwaas]
   driver = neutron_fwaas.services.firewall.drivers.linux.iptables_
   fwaas.IptablesFwaasDriver
   enabled = True

   Note

   On Ubuntu, modify the [fwaas] section in the /etc/neutron/fwaas_driver.ini file instead of /etc/neutron/neutron.conf.

2. Create the required tables in the database:

   # neutron-db-manage --subproject neutron-fwaas upgrade head

3. Enable the option in the local_settings.py file, which is typically located on the controller node:

   OPENSTACK_NEUTRON_NETWORK = {
       ...
       'enable_firewall' = True,
       ...
   }

   Note

   By default, enable_firewall option value is True in local_settings.py file.

   Apply the settings by restarting the web server.

4. Restart the neutron-l3-agent and neutron-server services to apply the settings.

Configure Firewall-as-a-Service

Create the firewall rules and create a policy that contains them. Then, create a firewall that applies the policy.

1. Create a firewall rule:

   $ neutron firewall-rule-create --protocol {tcp,udp,icmp,any} \
     --source-ip-address SOURCE_IP_ADDRESS \
     --destination-ip-address DESTINATION_IP_ADDRESS \
     --source-port SOURCE_PORT_RANGE --destination-port DEST_PORT_RANGE \
     --action {allow,deny,reject}

   The Networking client requires a protocol value; if the rule is protocol agnostic, you can use the any value.

   Note

   When the source or destination IP address are not of the same IP version (for example, IPv6), the command returns an error.

2. Create a firewall policy:

   $ neutron firewall-policy-create --firewall-rules \
     "FIREWALL_RULE_IDS_OR_NAMES" myfirewallpolicy

   Separate firewall rule IDs or names with spaces. The order in which you specify the rules is important.

   You can create a firewall policy without any rules and add rules later, as follows:

   • To add multiple rules, use the update operation.
   • To add a single rule, use the insert-rule operation.

   For more details, see Networking command-line client in the OpenStack Command-Line Interface Reference.

   Note

   FWaaS always adds a default deny all rule at the lowest precedence of each policy. Consequently, a firewall policy with no rules blocks all traffic by default.

3. Create a firewall:

   $ neutron firewall-create FIREWALL_POLICY_UUID

   Note

   The firewall remains in PENDING_CREATE state until you create a Networking router and attach an interface to it.

Allowed-address-pairs

Allowed-address-pairs enables you to specify mac_address and ip_address(cidr) pairs that pass through a port regardless of subnet. This enables the use of protocols such as VRRP, which floats an IP address between two instances to enable fast data plane failover.

Note

Currently, only the ML2, Open vSwitch, and VMware NSX plug-ins support the allowed-address-pairs extension.

Basic allowed-address-pairs operations.

• Create a port with a specified allowed address pair:

  $ neutron port-create net1 --allowed-address-pairs type=dict \
    list=true mac_address=MAC_ADDRESS,ip_address=IP_CIDR

• Update a port by adding allowed address pairs:

  $ neutron port-update PORT_UUID --allowed-address-pairs type=dict \
  list=true mac_address=MAC_ADDRESS,ip_address=IP_CIDR

Virtual-Private-Network-as-a-Service (VPNaaS)

The VPNaaS extension enables OpenStack projects to extend private networks across the internet.

VPNaas is a service. It is a parent object that associates a VPN with a specific subnet and router. Only one VPN service object can be created for each router and each subnet. However, each VPN service object can have any number of IP security connections.

The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) policy specifies the authentication and encryption algorithms to use during phase one and two negotiation of a VPN connection. The IP security policy specifies the authentication and encryption algorithm and encapsulation mode to use for the established VPN connection. Note that you cannot update the IKE and IPSec parameters for live tunnels.

You can set parameters for site-to-site IPsec connections, including peer CIDRs, MTU, authentication mode, peer address, DPD settings, and status.

The current implementation of the VPNaaS extension provides:

• Site-to-site VPN that connects two private networks.
• Multiple VPN connections per project.
• IKEv1 policy support with 3des, aes-128, aes-256, or aes-192 encryption.
• IPSec policy support with 3des, aes-128, aes-192, or aes-256 encryption, sha1 authentication, ESP, AH, or AH-ESP transform protocol, and tunnel or transport mode encapsulation.
• Dead Peer Detection (DPD) with hold, clear, restart, disabled, or restart-by-peer actions.

The VPNaaS driver plugin can be configured in the neutron configuration file. You can then enable the service.